Genes encoding and method of expressing an enzyme: phthalyl amidase

ABSTRACT

Phthalyl amidase is an enzyme previously unknown in the art that catalyzes removal of the phthalyl moiety from phthalyl-containing amides. The current invention provides DNA compounds encoding the phthalyl amidase enzyme and methods for expressing such compounds. The present invention also provides recombinant DNA vectors encoding phthalyl amidase and host cells transformed with these DNA vectors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the discovery of a specific enzyme that has not been previously described, a phthalyl amidase, which readily removes the phthalyl moiety from phthalyl-containing amides. The present invention also relates to an organism isolated from natural sources that produces the enzyme, DNA compounds that encode the enzyme, and methods for producing and using the enzyme.

The phthalimido functional group is an important tool in organic synthesis because of the protection it provides against unwanted reactions. However, dephthalylation reactions generally require harsh conditions and often have low yields thereby limiting the situations in which phthalimido protection can be employed.

Removal of a phthalyl protecting group from a phthalyl amide can be accomplished chemically, Kukolja et al., Croatica Chemica Acta 49:779, 1977, but yields are variable especially with substrates that are unstable to harsh reaction conditions.

Certain enzymes have previously been found that could be used to remove benzoyl groups from benzoylated amino acids. Toyoura et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 7:789, 1959. These enzymes were specific for benzoyl groups and for the amino acid to which they were attached. Others have also reported enzymes that will hydrolyze phthalate esters. Kurane et al., Agric. Biol. Chem. 44:529, 1980. However, none of these enzymes have been shown to operate on phthalyl amides.

In contrast, the phthalyl amidase enzyme of this invention catalyzes removal of the phthalyl group from a wide variety of phthalyl-containing compounds with improved yields over processes known in the art, exhibits stereochemical selectivity, and eliminates the need for harsh conditions to remove the protecting group.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a recombinant phthalyl amidase enzyme, which catalyzes the following type of reaction: ##STR1##

The present invention also provides DNA compounds that comprise isolated nucleotide sequences encoding the phthalyl amidase enzyme and methods for expressing such compounds. The present invention also provides recombinant DNA vectors encoding phthalyl amidase and host cells transformed with these DNA vectors. Preferred DNA compounds comprise an isolated nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:2, especially SEQ ID NO:1 isolated from Xanthobacter agilis. Other preferred compounds of the present invention include DNA compounds that comprise isolated DNA sequences encoding the proenzyme form of phthalyl amidase enzyme (SEQ ID NO:4), including SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, and the phthalyl amidase gene of Xanthobacter agilis (SEQ ID NO:6). DNA compounds of the current invention include recombinant DNA vectors, including expression vectors, which may be used to transform host cells.

The present invention also provides for DNA sequences of the naturally-occurring phthalyl amidase gene that control transcription, translation, and extra-cellular secretion of proteins. Thus, the present invention includes SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, and SEQ ID NO:10.

Definitions:

Coding sequence--the sequence of DNA in the open reading frame of a gene that encodes the amino acid residue sequence of the protein expressed from the gene.

Gene--a segment of DNA that comprises a promoter, translational activating sequence, coding sequence, and 3' regulatory sequences, positioned to drive expression of the gene product.

Promoter--a DNA sequence that directs or initiates the transcription of DNA.

Recombinant DNA vector--any autonomously replicating or integrating DNA agent, including but not limited to plasmids, comprising a promoter and other regulatory sequences positioned to drive expression of a DNA sequence that encodes a polypeptide or RNA.

Recombinant DNA sequence--any DNA sequence, excluding the host chromosome from which the DNA is derived, which comprises a DNA sequence that has been isolated, synthesized, or partially synthesized.

Restriction fragment--any linear DNA molecule generated by the action of one or more restriction enzymes.

Translation activating sequence--a regulatory DNA sequence that, when transcribed into mRNA, promotes translation of mRNA into protein.

All nucleotide and amino acid abbreviations used in this disclosure are those accepted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office as set forth in 37 C.F.R. §1.822(b) (1993).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The restriction enzyme and function maps presented in the drawings are approximate representations of the recombinant DNA vectors discussed herein. The restriction site information is not exhaustive. There may be more restriction enzymes sites of a given type than are actually shown on the map.

FIG. 1 is a restriction enzyme site and function map of plasmid pZPA600.

FIG. 2 is a restriction enzyme site and function map of plasmid pZPA400.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

During the course of developing a chiral, shorter, and more efficient synthetic route to loracarbef ([6R-(6A,7B(R))]-7-[(aminophenylacetyl)amino]-3-chloro-8-oxo-azabicyclo[4,2,0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid), the Mitsunobu reaction (see e.g. Hughes, D. L. Organic reactions 42:336, 1992; Bose, A. K. et al., Can. J. Chem. 62:2498, 1984) was selected for forming the beta-lactam ring from a chiral linear amino acid ester intermediate. Several reactants with one N-valence protected and a few reactants with both N-valences protected were examined in Mitsunobu reactions. They were either not cyclized or were cyclized in poor yield.

It was discovered that problems in forming the beta-lactam ring via Mitsunobu reactions could be overcome if both valences of the Q-nitrogen of the chiral linear amino acid ester intermediate were protected with a phthalimido group. However, no known chemical reaction was available to remove the phthalimido moiety and regenerate free amine in high yield.

Thus, soil samples were examined for microorganisms that could catalyze removal of the phthalamido group from a test substrate (II) that was formed by base cleavage of the phthalimido ring of a bivalently N-protected compound. A culture was identified that demonstrated phthalyl amidase activity that liberated the free amine derivative of the test substrate. Native enzyme was purified and shown to catalyze the following desired reaction: ##STR2##

Phthalyl amidase also has significant value in peptide synthesis applications. Phthalimido amino acid derivatives are very effective reactants for enzymatic coupling of amino acids to form peptides. However, heretofore, methods for removing the phthalimido blocking group from the protected peptide were lacking. The phthalyl amidase of the current invention displays reactivity toward a wide range of substrates and can be used for deblocking phthalimido-protected peptide intermediates.

The isolated phthalyl amidase of this invention demonstrates high specific activity toward phthalylated amides or esters (i.e., having a 1,2 dicarboxylate configuration). Such compounds may have other functional groups on the phthalyl aromatic ring and still serve as substrates for the enzyme. For example, acceptable functional groups include 6-F, 6-NH₂, and 3-OH. Moreover, substrates may include a nitrogen in the aromatic ring ortho to the carboxyl group attached to the amine. Compounds lacking a 2-carboxylate, such as benzoyl, phenylacetate, phenoxyacetate, or their derivatives, are not suitable substrates for this enzyme.

The enzyme also exhibits a broad substrate specificity in regard to the amine group attached to the phthalate side chain. For example, phthalylated amino acids and peptides, mono- and bicyclic beta-lactams, aromatic and non-aromatic amines, as well as phthalylated amines attached to heterocycles, are dephthalylated by this enzyme at acceptable catalytic rates. The enzyme also removes the methyl group from mono-methyl phthalate.

The enzyme is stable in the broad range of pH from 6-9, having an optimum stability pH of 8.0±0.4. The enzyme also demonstrates a marked stability dependence on ionic strength. Ionic strength above 20 mM enhances pH and temperature stability of the enzyme. Optimum ionic strength occurs at 200 mM and above.

The enzyme retains good activity in low salt (50 mM) up to 30° C. and in high salt (200 mM) up to 40° C. In 200 mM salt, at least 80% of the enzyme activity is retained in temperatures up to 35° C. for 48 hours.

Iodoacetic acid (10 mM), p-HMB (1 mM), and Cu⁺⁺ (1 mM) significantly inhibited the enzyme. No organic co-factors, such as ATP, NADPH, or others, stimulated enzyme activity. EDTA, phenanthroline, and metal ions besides Cu⁺⁺ had little or no effect on enzyme activity.

The molecular weight of the enzyme is approximately 49,900, as determined by electrospray mass spectrometry, and the molecule consists of one subunit.

The K_(m), with phthalamido carbacephem (7-phthalamido-3-chloro-4-carboxy-1-carba-dethioceph-3-em) (III) as substrate, is 0.9 mM in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 8.0, and 30° C. The V_(max) for this substrate and under these conditions is 7.6 μmol/min/mg.

Phthalyl amidase activity was recovered from a microorganism isolated from soil samples. The organism was characterized by comparison of its fatty acid methyl ester profile with that of known standards, and has been identified as a strain of Xanthobacter agilis.

The organism can be preserved as lyophilized culture and has been deposited with the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, Ill. 61604-39999, under accession number NRRL B-21115 (date of deposit: Jun. 28, 1993). Working cultures are maintained as liquid cultures stored in liquid nitrogen or at temperatures below -78° C.

In order to recover the phthalyl amidase of this invention, Xanthobacter agilis can be cultivated in an aqueous nutrient medium consisting of a source of carbon and nitrogen and mineral salts at an initial pH between 6 and 8 and at 25° to 37° C. A number of agents can be included in the culture medium as inducers of enzyme production, including, for example, phthalate (PAA), phthalyl glycine (PAG), and phthalyl monocyclic beta-lactam (PMBL). The enzyme can be recovered in larger amounts by cultivating Xanthobacter agilis in a known manner in a bioreactor of desired size, for example, with a working volume of 100 liters. Good aerating conditions, and the presence of nutrients in complex form, and a pH between 6 and 8 are important for a successful culture. The cell mass can be separated from the medium and the enzyme purified as shown in Example 4.

It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that phthalyl amidase-producing mutants of the isolated xanthobacter agilis organism can readily be made by methods known in the art. These mutants are considered within the scope of this invention.

As described, phthalyl amidase, catalyzes the removal of the phthalyl moiety from a wide range of phthalimido-containing compounds. The enzyme actually cleaves the amide bond of a phthalamido substrate, which is formed by the action of mild base on the corresponding phthalimido compound. This conversion proceeds readily under conditions that are suitable for enzyme activity. Thus, the phthalimido-containing compound and the enzyme being concurrently present under conditions that promote enzyme activity result in in situ removal of the phthalyl group.

In some chemical reactions involving an amine reactant, the corresponding phthalimido compound is particularly suited to high reaction yields whereas the conversion proceeds poorly with the unprotected amine or with a monovalently protected amine or even when the amine is bivalently protected by an alternative means. Thus, the current invention, which provides an economic source of phthalyl amidase, allows practical synthesis of a variety of amine products via phthalimido-protected amine intermediates.

It will be recognized that the enzyme can also be used in immobilized form to catalyze desired reactions according to procedures known in the art.

A specific application of the current invention occurs in a new chiral synthesis of the antibiotic loracarbef. The phthalyl amidase-catalyzed reaction shown above is one step of that synthesis.

Another application occurs in the synthesis of aspartame (N-L-α-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine, 1-methyl ester) as described in Example 16 below.

In both cases phthalic anhydride (or other suitable activated forms of phthalic acid) is used to react with an intermediate containing a key amino group so that a phthalimido moiety is formed for bivalent protection of the amino group. The bivalently protected amine can then be converted efficiently to a desired intermediate. For example, cyclization of a α-phthalimido-β-hydroxy-acid to a beta-lactam, or for example, condensation of an α-phthalimido carboxy-activated amino acid with a carboxy-protected amino acid to form a dipeptide. The phthalimido moiety is hydrolyzed with mild base and the resulting phthalamido moiety is then exposed to phthalyl amidase to catalyze the removal of the phthalyl moiety and release free amine plus phthalic acid.

In addition to identification and isolation of a naturally-occurring phthalyl amidase, the current invention provides DNA compounds that comprise an isolated nucleotide sequence encoding phthalyl amidase, recombinant DNA vectors encoding phthalyl amidase, host cells transformed with these DNA vectors, and a method for producing recombinant phthalyl amidase. These elements of the current invention provide the opportunity to use phthalyl amidase as a biocatalyst in industrial scale chemical processes.

Phthalyl amidase may be produced by cloning DNA encoding phthalyl amidase into a variety of vectors by means that are well known in the art. A number of suitable vectors may be used, including cosmids, plasmids, bacteriophage, and viruses. One of the principle requirements for such a vector is that it be capable of reproducing itself and transforming a host cell. Preferably, the vector will be a recombinant DNA vector that is capable of driving expression of phthalyl amidase encoded by the DNA compounds of this invention. Typical expression vectors comprise a promoter region, a 5'-untranslated region, a coding sequence, a 3'-untranslated region, an origin of replication, a selective marker, and a transcription termination site.

After the DNA compound encoding phthalyl amidase has been inserted into the vector, the vector may be used to transform a host cell. In general, the host cell may comprise any cellular organism, including a prokaryotic cell or eukaryotic cell, that is capable of being transformed with a vector comprising the DNA of this invention. The techniques of transforming and transfecting cells are well known in the art and may be found in such general references as Maniatis, et al. (1989) or Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (1989).

A particularly preferred method of the current invention generates soluble, extra-cellular enzyme. The method makes use of a DNA compound that comprises SEQ ID NO:6, which enables, when transformed into Streptomyces lividans as part of a self-replicating vector, the host to produce and secrete soluble mature phthalyl amidase in an amount in excess of the amount of a cell-bound form of the enzyme produced by Xanthobacter agilis, the bacterium from which the DNA compound was cloned.

SEQ ID NO:6 comprises four functional components: SEQ ID NO:7; SEQ ID NO:8; SEQ ID NO:1; and SEQ ID NO:10. SEQ ID NO:7, which includes the promoter-bearing nucleotides 1-135 of SEQ ID NO:6, promotes transcription of the coding sequences. SEQ ID NO:8 (nucleotides 136-261 of SEQ ID NO:6) encodes the signal peptide portion of a proenzyme form of phthalyl amidase (pro-phthalyl amidase (SEQ ID NO:4)). The signal peptide (SEQ ID NO:9), which provides for transport of the proenzyme across the microbial cell wall of Streptomyces lividans, is cleaved from the proenzyme by the cell, thereby enabling extra-cellular production of the mature enzyme. SEQ ID NO:1 (nucleotides 262-1620 of SEQ ID NO:6) encodes mature phthalyl amidase (SEQ ID NO:2). SEQ ID NO:10 (nucleotides 1621-3029 of SEQ ID NO:6) is a 3'-untranslated region which assists proper and efficient translation termination of the mRNA that encodes pro-phthalyl amidase.

Moreover, in a more general application of the expression method of the current invention, a wide variety of soluble, extra-cellular, properly-folded, functional proteins may be produced in Streptomyces. The current method comprises propagating Streptomyces lividans that has been transformed with a DNA compound, which encodes the desired enzyme, protein, or peptide, and which includes the transcriptional and translational regulatory elements of the phthalyl amidase gene isolated from the bacterium Xanthobacter agilis. These regulatory elements enable synthesis and secretion of the soluble, properly-folded, functional enzyme, protein, or peptide.

To accomplish the general method, the DNA sequence encoding mature phthalyl amidase (SEQ ID NO:1) may be replaced in SEQ ID NO:6 by a heterologous open reading frame from a wide variety of organisms wherein the heterologous open reading frame encodes a mature protein or hormone and introns are absent from those open reading frames, either by nature or by virtue of precise removal from genomic DNA to form cDNA open reading frames. In this arrangement, the regulatory elements of the phthalyl amidase gene continue to function such that proteins and oligopeptides other than phthalyl amidase are produced and secreted from Streptomyces transformed with the modified DNA sequence. Thus, substitution of a desired protein-encoding sequence for the coding sequence of mature phthalyl amidase enables economic extra-cellular production of numerous enzymes, peptides, and peptide hormones.

Synthesis of the phthalyl amidase gene and its various elements can be accomplished by recombinant DNA technology. Synthetic genes, the in vitro or in vivo transcription and translation of which will result in the production of the phthalyl amidase enzyme, may be constructed by techniques well known in the art. Owing to the degeneracy of the genetic code, the skilled artisan will recognize that a sizable, yet definite, number of DNA sequences may be constructed, which encode the phthalyl amidase enzyme. All such sequences are provided by the present invention.

A preferred sequence encoding phthalyl amidase is the naturally-occurring phthalyl amidase gene of Xanthobacter agilis, which is SEQ ID NO:6. This preferred gene is available on an 3.2 kb SacI-BamHI restriction fragment of plasmid pZPA600, which can be isolated from Streptomyces lividans TK23/pZPA600 by techniques well known in the art. Streptomyces lividans TK23/pZPA600 designates Streptomyces lividans strain TK23 which has been transformed with vector pZPA600.

Plasmid pZPA600 was derived by ligating SEQ ID NO:6 into Streptomyces vector, pIJ702 (Hopwood, D. A., et al., Genetic Manipulations of Streptomyces: A Laboratory Manual, The John Innes Foundation, Norwich, England, 1985). The pIJ702 vector contains a pIJ101 Streptomyces replicon and a thiostrepton resistance gene for selection. The ligated material was transformed into Streptomyces lividans TK23 by a standard protoplast fusion technique. After selection on thiostrepton (45 μg/ml), the plasmid designated pZPA600, was isolated and confirmed by restriction analysis. A restriction site and function map of plasmid pZPA600 is found in FIG. 1.

Streptomyces lividans TK23/pZPA600 is publicly available and on deposit at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, Ill. 61604-39999, under accession number NRRL B21290 (date of deposit: Jun. 23, 1994). The Streptomyces lividans TK23 strain has been previously described in Plasmid 12:1936 (1984).

Plasmid pZPA600 allows high level expression of the pro-phthalyl amidase open reading frame and results in secretion of soluble mature phthalyl amidase, which process is especially preferred. Thus, the invention comprises a process in which Streptomyces lividans TK23/pZPA600 is grown and then separated from its extra-cellular broth so that high concentrations of phthalyl amidase are obtained in that cell-free broth.

Other preferred sequences include, for example, SEQ ID NO:1, which encodes mature phthalyl amidase enzyme (SEQ ID NO:2), and SEQ ID NO:3, which encodes the proenzyme form of phthalyl amidase (SEQ ID NO:4). Thus, the present invention also comprises plasmid pZPA400 as a preferred embodiment.

In plasmid pZPA400, the 5'-regulatory elements of the native gene were removed and an ATG codon for a methionyl residue was attached to the 5'-terminal nucleotide of the mature phthalyl amidase coding sequence to generate an open reading frame (SEQ ID NO:11) encoding met-phthalyl amidase (SEQ ID NO:12). SEQ ID NO:11 was positioned, via a two-cistron configuration, such that transcription was driven by a temperature inducible lambda pL promoter. Plasmid pZPA400 also contains the temperature sensitive cI857 repressor gene, a tetracycline resistance gene, and the pBR322-based origin of replication minus the rop region, which controls copy number (Cesareni et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 79:6313, 1982). E. coli cells harboring this plasmid (E. coli DH5α/pZPA400) are induced to produce met-phthalyl amidase (without signal peptide) when the culture temperature is raised from 30° C. to 42° C. A restriction site and function map of plasmid pZPA400, which can be isolated from E. coli DH5α/pZPA400 cells by techniques well known in the art, is found in FIG. 2.

E. coli DH5α/pZPA400 designates the commercially available E. coli DH5α strain that has been transformed with plasmid pZPA400. E. coli DH5α/pZPA400 cells are publicly available and on deposit at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, Ill. 61604-39999, under accession number NRRL 21289 (date of deposit: Jun. 23, 1994).

The phthalyl amidase gene may also be created by synthetic methodology. Such methodology of synthetic gene construction is well known in the art. See Brown et al. (1979) Methods in Enzymology, Academic Press, New York, 68:109. The phthalyl amidase DNA sequence may be generated using a conventional DNA synthesizing apparatus, such as the Applied Biosystems Model 380A of 380B DNA synthesizers (commercially available from Applied Biosystems, Inc., 850 Lincoln Center Drive, Foster City, Calif. 94404.

Synthesis of the phthalyl amidase protein of the present invention may also proceed by solid phase synthesis. The principles of solid phase chemical synthesis of polypeptides are well known in the art and may be found in general texts, such as, Dugas, H. and Penny, C., Bioorganic Chemistry (1981), Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 54-92. However, recombinant methods are preferred if a high yield is desired.

A skilled artisan will recognize that the nucleotide sequences described in the present disclosure may be altered by methods known in the art to produce additional sequences that substantially correspond to the described sequences without changing their functional aspects. These altered sequences are considered to be included in the current invention.

In order that the invention described herein may be more fully understood, the following examples are set forth. It should be understood that the examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLE 1

Search for phthalyl amidase producing organisms

240 soil samples (8 to 15 mg of damp dry soil) were individually suspended in 10 ml sterile BL medium (hereinafter defined) containing 100 mg phthalyl monocyclic beta-lactam (PMBL) (I). ##STR3##

BL medium had the following composition:

    ______________________________________                                         Na.sub.2 HPO.sub.4                                                                              6.0         g                                                 KH.sub.2 PO.sub.4                                                                               3.0         g                                                 NaCl             0.5         g                                                 NH.sub.4 Cl      2.0         g                                                 CaCl.sub.2       0.1         g                                                 MgSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2 O                                                                           0.25        g                                                 ZnSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2 O                                                                           70          mg                                                FeCl.sub.3.6H.sub.2 O                                                                           270         mg                                                MnSO.sub.4       80          mg                                                CuCl.sub.2       7.4         mg                                                CoSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2 O                                                                           28          mg                                                H.sub.3 BO.sub.3 3           mg                                                Yeast Extract    1.0         g                                                 Deionized water  1.0         L                                                 pH               7.0                                                           ______________________________________                                    

The cultures were incubated aerobically at 30° C. in a rotary shaker at 250 rpm for as long as 2 weeks. Cultures were examined by thin layer chromatography at 7 day intervals for the disappearance of the starting substrate and appearance of the beta-lactam nucleus product.

A culture showing the desired catalytic activity was transferred at least two more times under similar conditions of medium and growth. The final culture was diluted with sterile water and plated out on agar plates containing either Trypticase Soy Broth (Difco) or Bac MI medium. Bac MI medium had the following composition:

    ______________________________________                                         Peptone          10.0        g                                                 Beef Extract     5.0         g                                                 Yeast Extract    2.0         g                                                 NaCl             5.0         g                                                 Deionized water  1.0         L                                                 pH               7.0                                                           ______________________________________                                    

(Agar plates were prepared by adding 20 g agar per L of medium).

Individual colonies were picked from the agar and grown in Bac MI medium containing 10 mg/ml of PMBL for 12 days at 30° C. with aeration. Broths were examined for appearance of beta-lactam nucleus and phthalic acid using TLC.

A pure isolated organism that demonstrated rapid hydrolysis of the substrate was then grown in Bac MI medium containing 1 mg/ml phthalate for 48 hours at 30° C. with aeration. Cells were centrifuged and then suspended in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, at a ratio of 1 g wet weight cells to 8 ml of buffer. A solution of lysozyme, 2 mg in 1.0 ml 50 mM EDTA, pH 8.2, was added at the ratio of 1 ml lysozyme solution to 8 ml cell suspension. After mixing well and holding at room temperature for 1 hour, the suspension was cooled to 4° C. and held overnight. The resultant viscous solution was sonicated only long enough to liquefy the solution. This solution was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 15 minutes. The pellet was discarded and the supernatant tested for phthalyl amidase activity.

The cell-free extract was chromatographed on a size exclusion column (1.5×100 cm; Sephacryl S-300; Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.) at 4° C. with an elution buffer consisting of 50 mM potassium phosphate and 150 mM KCl at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. The eluant was monitored at a wavelength of 280 nm. UV-absorbing fractions were tested for hydrolysis of PMBL by HPLC.

Reference proteins for molecular weight (daltons) determination were chymotrypsinogen (25,000), ovalbumin (43,000), albumin (67,000), aldolase (158,000), catalase (232,000), ferritin (440,000), and thyroglobulin (669,000).

Cell-free extract of the organism subsequently identified as Xanthobacter agilis was determined to contain an enzyme that catalyzed the hydrolysis of PMBL, and which had an approximate molecular weight of 54,000 daltons and a specific activity of 39.7 nmol/min/mg.

EXAMPLE 2

Production of phthalyl amidase from Xanthobacter agilis

Fermentation of Xanthobacter agilis on a 100 L scale was conducted in 100 L working volume bioreactors, with automatic control for pH (7.9-8.1), temperature (30° C.), air flow (1 scfm), agitation (300 rpm), and back pressure (5 lb). Dissolved oxygen levels (>50%) were kept constant by small increases in agitation speed. The medium consisted of 1.25% Bacto peptone, 0.3% yeast extract, 0.5% beef extract, 0.5% phthalic acid, 0.5% NaCl, and 0.05% anti-foam. After sterilization, the medium was brought to pH 8.0 with 30% sulfuric acid. The fermenter was inoculated with 1 L of pre-culture which had been incubated at 30° C. for 24 hours in the same medium with shaking at 300 rpm. After 48 hours of growth, the fermentation broth was cooled and centrifuged at 17,000 rpm with a flow rate of 1 to 2 L/min to remove the biomass. The cell paste was harvested and stored at -20° C. yielding 6.0 g wet cell weight/L.

EXAMPLE 3

Induction of phthalyl amidase

Three compounds at different concentrations were added to aerated cultures of the organism growing at 30° C. in Bac MI medium. The compounds tested were phthalate (PAA), phthalyl glycine (PAG), and PMBL. Cells of Xanthobacter agilis were grown with aeration for 24 hours. This vegetative culture was used to inoculate Bac MI medium (50 ml) containing different concentrations of the compounds to be tested. After 48 hours growth under standard conditions, cells were harvested by centrifugation and wet weight of the cells was determined. Crude cell extracts were prepared by lysozyme treatment of the cells as in Example 1. Suspensions were briefly sonicated to break up the viscous suspension. A cell-free supernatant was obtained by centrifugation of the suspension at 14,000 rpm for 15 minutes.

Enzyme activity in cell-free lysates was determined by monitoring conversion of the chromogenic substrate 4-(2'-carboxy-N-benzoyl)amino-2-carboxy-nitrobenzene (II) to 2-nitro-5-amino benzoic acid and phthalic acid, a reaction catalyzed by phthalyl amidase as shown below: ##STR4##

The assay reaction mixture (1 ml) consisted of 0.3 μmol of the chromogenic substrate (II) and 0.001-0.5 μg of enzyme preparation in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 8.0 (buffer A). The enzymatic reaction was conducted at 30° C. for 10 minutes and the appearance of product was monitored at 380 nm (or 430 nm). The amount of substrate hydrolyzed was calculated from a standard curve of the amine product.

As can be seen in Table 1, PAG and PAA increased the wet weight cell mass while PMBL had no effect. However, all three substrates produced a dramatic concentration-dependent increase in the total number of enzyme units recovered. The units of enzyme per gram of wet weight cells also increased with all additions but the increase was most pronounced at high PAA concentrations.

                  TABLE 1                                                          ______________________________________                                                                    Total units/                                                Addition Cell weight                                                                              mg protein Units/                                   Inducer (mg/ml)  (g/50 ml) (μmol/min/mg)                                                                          g cells                                  ______________________________________                                         Control --       0.29       0.017      0.06                                    PAG     1        0.33       0.35       1.04                                            5        0.5       4.4        9.4                                      PMBL    1        0.35       0.28       0.79                                            5        0.24      2.0        8.1                                      PAA     1        0.35      1.4        3.9                                              2        0.47      4.3        9.3                                              5        0.7       3.7        5.5                                              10       0.6       12.0       19.8                                     ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 4

Purification of phthalyl amidase

A. Analytical scale purification of phthalyl amidase

Cells of Xanthobacter agilis (200 grams, wet weight), which contained significant amounts of phthalyl amidase activity, were resuspended to 1800 ml in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, plus 5 mM EDTA. The cells were broken by sonication for 22 minutes at a maximal power below 8° C. DNase (1 μg/ml) and magnesium sulfate (10 mM) were added during the sonication to minimize viscosity and improve cell breakage. After a high-speed centrifugation, the resulting crude extract supernatant served as the source for further enzyme purification. All subsequent purification steps were conducted at 4° C.

The crude extract was loaded onto a Q-Sepharose column (4.4×23 cm; Pharmacia), previously equilibrated with buffer A. After washing with buffer A, a linear gradient of 0-1.5M KCl in buffer A was applied and the phthalyl amidase eluted as a single activity peak between 1 and 1.1M KCl. Selected fractions containing most of the enzyme activity were pooled as Q-Sepharose eluate.

The Q-Sepharose eluate was subjected to ammonium sulfate fractionation. The majority of the enzyme activity was recovered from 67-77, 77-87 and 87-97% ammonium sulfate pellets. Those pellets were solubilized in buffer A with 0.2M ammonium sulfate.

Ammonium sulfate was added to the 67-97% ammonium sulfate enzyme pool to a final concentration of approximately 2M. The enzyme pool was loaded onto a Phenyl-Sepharose column (2.6×16 cm; Pharmacia), which was previously equilibrated with buffer A plus 2.6M ammonium sulfate. The phthalyl amidase eluted with a linear gradient decreasing from 2.6M to 0M ammonium sulfate in buffer A as a single activity peak between 0M and 0.5M ammonium sulfate. Selected fractions containing the majority of the enzyme activity were pooled as Phenyl-Sepharose eluate.

The Phenyl-Sepharose eluate was dialyzed against buffer A and then loaded onto a hydroxylapatite column (1.5×90 cm; Clarkson Chemical Company, Williamsport, Pa.), which was previously equilibrated with buffer A. After washing the column with buffer A, the enzyme eluted with a linear gradient of 50-500 mM potassium phosphate, pH 8.0, as a single activity peak between 150 and 190 mM potassium phosphate. Selected fractions containing most of the enzyme activity were pooled as hydroxylapatite eluate.

After a dilution of the buffer strength from 120 to 50 mM potassium phosphate, the hydroxylapatite eluate was loaded onto a Mono P column (0.5×20 cm; Pharmacia), which was previously equilibrated with buffer A. After washing with 3 column volumes of buffer A, a linear gradient of 0-1.5M KCl in buffer A was applied and the enzyme eluted as a single activity peak between 0.72 and 0.8M KCl. Those fractions containing the majority of the enzyme activity were pooled as Mono P eluate. The most active enzyme preparation was derived from Mono P FPLC (Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography).

Table 2 summarizes the results of the purification. Based on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Laser Densitometric Scanning, the phthalyl amidase was greater than 95% pure.

The phthalyl amidase activity reported in Table 2 was determined using the chromogenic substrate as in Example 3. A typical reaction mixture in a total volume of 1 ml contained 0.2 mg of the chromogenic substrate and an aliquot of phthalyl amidase in buffer A. The enzymatic reaction was conducted at 30° C. for 10-15 min. Formation of the reaction product was monitored with a spectrophotometer at 430 nm (or 380 nm) and quantitated from a standard curve of the product.

                  TABLE 2                                                          ______________________________________                                                                   Spec.                                                                          Act.                                                          Protein Activity (Units/                                                                               Purification                                                                           Yield                                 Step     (mg)    (Units)  mg)    (fold)  (%)                                   ______________________________________                                         Crude    5475    345      0.063   1      100                                   Extract                                                                        Q Sepharose                                                                             230     279      1.214  19      81                                    Ammonium 145     224      1.547  25      65                                    Sulfate:                                                                       67-97% cut                                                                     Phenyl-   63     158      2.505  40      46                                    Sepharose                                                                      Hydroxyl-                                                                                28     154      5.52   88      45                                    apatite                                                                        Mono P     16.5  119      7.2    119     34                                    ______________________________________                                    

B. Preparative scale purification of phthalyl amidase

Crude extract of Xanthobacter agilis was prepared by adding 1 g of cells (wet weight) and 2 mg lysozyme per 9 ml of 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA (600 g cells total). After 30 minutes at room temperature, DNase (100 U/g of cells) in 10 mM magnesium sulfate was added. The cells were homogenized using a cell homogenizer for 30 minutes at room temperature. After 17 hours of incubation at 8° C., the lysate was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 30 minutes.

The crude extract supernatant (4.5 L) was applied to a Super-Q column (7×40 cm; TosoHaas, Montgomeryville, Pa.) equilibrated in buffer A. After loading crude extract, the column was washed with 2 column volumes of 50 mM phosphate buffer containing 3.5M urea, pH 8.0. A second wash (5 L) was used to re-equilibrate the column in buffer A. Phthalyl amidase eluted from the column using a 10 column-volume linear gradient of 0-1.5M KCl in buffer A. Fractions were collected and assayed for enzyme activity. The active fractions were pooled (1.5 L), concentrated (250 ml), and diafiltered with buffer A at 7°-10° C.

The concentrated and diafiltered Super-Q mainstream was applied to a hydroxylapatite column (3.2×40 cm) equilibrated in buffer A. After washing the column with this buffer, phthalyl amidase was eluted using a linear gradient of 0-500 mM phosphate buffer, pH 8.0. Fractions were assayed according to the chromogenic substrate method (see Example 3) and the active fractions were pooled (1 L) and concentrated (400 ml).

Table 3 shows the results of this purification.

                  TABLE 3                                                          ______________________________________                                                  Activity  Spec. Act.                                                                               Purification                                                                            Yield                                    Step     (Units)   (Units/mg)                                                                               (Fold)   (%)                                      ______________________________________                                         Crude    14,846    0.8       1        100                                      Extract                                                                        Super-Q  6,828     3.0       4        46                                       Hydroxyl-                                                                               4,985     9.0       11       34                                       apatite                                                                        ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 5

Effect of pH on phthalyl amidase activity

The effect of pH on the reaction rate of the analytical scale purified enzyme was determined using phthalamido carbacephem (III) as substrate. ##STR5##

A typical reaction mixture consisted of 1 ml total volume and contained 0.1 mM III, 0.1 μM phthalyl amidase in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 5.5-9.0) at 32° C. for 20 minutes. The reactions were stopped by the addition of 1 ml methanol. After removal of precipitate by centrifugation, an aliquot of the supernatant fraction (typically 30 μ) was monitored for the beta-lactam nucleus and phthalic acid by HPLC using a Zorbax C8 column (0.46×15 cm; MacMod Analytical Inc., Chadds Ford, Pa.). The two reaction products were eluted by a mobile phase constructed as continuous mixed gradients from (a) 1% ACN (acetonitrile)/0.2% TFA (trifluoroacetic acid) and (b) 80% ACN/0.2% TFA as follows: 1) 0% (b), 3 min; 2) 0-50% (b), 0.5 min; 3) 50-100% (b), 3 min; 4) 100% (b), 2.5 min; 5) 100-0% (b), 0.1 min; and 6) 0% (b), 5 min. At a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min, retention times of the beta-lactam nucleus and phthalic acid, as measured at 254 nm, were 2.3 and 7.2 min, respectively.

The results are shown in Table 4. Optimal range for enzyme activity occurred between pH 7.8 and 8.4.

                  TABLE 4                                                          ______________________________________                                                  Specific Activity                                                     pH       (μmol/min/μmol enzyme)                                          ______________________________________                                         7.0      125.4                                                                 7.2      130.4                                                                 7.4      155.2                                                                 7.6      172.5                                                                 7.8      184.2                                                                 8.0      195.3                                                                 8.2      201.2                                                                 8.4      208.0                                                                 8.6      181.7                                                                 8.8      185.1                                                                 9.0       33.1                                                                 ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 6

Optimum reaction temperature

Test reactions were carried out similar to Example 5 except that all incubations were performed in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer at pH 8.2. Solutions of the substrate were pre-incubated for 5 minutes at temperatures between 2° and 60° C. The enzymatic reaction was initiated by the addition of phthalyl amidase and stopped by the addition of 1 ml methanol. Specific activity of the enzyme was determined by monitoring the hydrolysis of III by HPLC as in Example 5.

The maximum reaction rate for the enzyme was reached at 34° C. Little enzyme activity was found below 10° C. and above 50° C.

EXAMPLE 7

Optimum salt concentration

Test reactions were carried out similar to Example 6 except that buffer concentrations ranging from 10 to 200 mM at 32° C. were examined. All other conditions and analyses were the same.

As is apparent in Table 5, high salt concentration markedly improved the specific activity of the enzyme. The effect was of a general nature and did not appear to be dependent on specific anions or cations.

                  TABLE 5                                                          ______________________________________                                         Buffer Conc.                                                                              Specific Activity (μmol/min/μmol enzyme)                      (mM)       K Phosphate Tris-HCl NH.sub.4 Acetate                               ______________________________________                                          10        148          73      25                                              50        300         230      50                                             100        350         275      75                                             200        360         300      100                                            ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 8

Stability of phthalyl amidase

A. Effect of ionic strength

The stability of phthalyl amidase at pH values ranging from 6-9 was determined as described in Example 5 at 30° C. in both 20 and 200 mM potassium phosphate buffer. In 20 mM buffer, all enzyme activity was lost within 2 hours at any pH of the incubation medium. In 200 mM buffer, the enzyme retained at least 80% of its activity for 100 hours irrespective of the pH of the incubating medium. Twenty mM buffer that was supplemented with 200 mM KCl or NaCl also protected against activity loss, indicating that the enzyme stabilization was primarily dependent on the high ionic strength of the buffer.

B. Temperature stability

The phthalyl amidase enzyme was also tested for stability at varying temperatures. The enzyme was incubated at pH 8.2 in the temperature range of 4°-50° C. for 48 hours in 50 and 200 mM phosphate buffer. In 50 mM buffer, the enzyme retained 90% of its activity for 48 hours when maintained at temperatures below 25° C., while all enzyme activity was lost within 48 hours when the incubation temperature was above 40° C. In 200 mM buffer, 80% of the enzyme activity was retained in temperatures up to 35° C. and 30% of the enzyme activity was retained after 48 hours incubation at 40° C.

EXAMPLE 9

Influence of effectors on enzyme activity

The effect of various agents on the enzymatic activity of phthalyl amidase was determined using standard conditions (see Example 5). All agents were tested at 1 mM final concentration unless otherwise indicated.

It can be seen from the data in Table 6 that iodoacetate, p-HMB, and copper ions significantly reduced phthalyl amidase activity. None of the tested compounds stimulated enzyme activity significantly above that of the control.

Table 7 shows the effects of four organic solvents at three concentrations on enzyme catalysis. All four solvents tested significantly decreased enzyme activity at a concentration of 10%. Glycerol caused the least amount of inhibition of the enzyme at the highest concentration tested.

                  TABLE 6                                                          ______________________________________                                         Effector Agent % of Control Activity                                           ______________________________________                                         Sulfhydryl agents                                                              p-HMB           65                                                             DTNB            98                                                             NEM            100                                                             Iodoacetate, 1 mM                                                                              91                                                             Iodoacetate, 10 mM                                                                             46                                                             Metal chelators                                                                Phenanthroline 104                                                             EDTA           103                                                             Cofactors and                                                                  reducing agents                                                                Mercaptoethanol                                                                               105                                                             DTT            100                                                             NAD            101                                                             NADH            96                                                             NADP            99                                                             NADPH           99                                                             ATP             96                                                             PLP            106                                                             THF            100                                                             CoASH          102                                                             THF + DTT      100                                                             FAD            101                                                             FAD + DTT      100                                                             Metal Cations                                                                  NaCl           104                                                             KCl            100                                                             CaCl.sub.2      89                                                             CoCl.sub.2     101                                                             CuCl.sub.2      36                                                             FeCl.sub.2     102                                                             FeCl.sub.3      96                                                             MgCl.sub.2     102                                                             MnCl.sub.2      84                                                             NiCl.sub.2      94                                                             ZnCl.sub.2     100                                                             ______________________________________                                          DTT: dithiothreitol                                                            pHMB: parahydroxy mercuric benzoate                                            DTNB: dithionitrobenzoate                                                      NEM: Nethylmaleimide                                                           NAD: nicotinamide adenine nucleotide                                           NADP: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate                              NADPH: reduced form of NADP                                                    ATP: adenosine 5triphosphate                                                   PLP: pyridoxyl5-phosphate                                                      THF: tetrahydrofolate                                                          FAD: flavin adenine dinucleotide                                         

                  TABLE 7                                                          ______________________________________                                                 % Residual enzyme activity                                             Solvent   1.0%          5.0%   10.0%                                           ______________________________________                                         Ethanol    99           85     45                                              DMSO      101           80     71                                              Glycerol  100           94     85                                              Methanol  100           90     69                                              ______________________________________                                          DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide                                                 

EXAMPLE 10

Physical and chemical properties of phthalyl amidase

The molecular weight of the phthalyl amidase was determined to be 49,900 by electrospray mass spectrometry. The enzyme is monomeric with an isoelectric point estimated by isoelectric focusing to be pH 5.5. Chemical hydrolysis and amino acid analysis of the protein by standard methods are shown in Table 8. Repeated attempts to sequence the N-terminus of the purified enzyme failed, indicating that the enzyme was blocked.

                  TABLE 8                                                          ______________________________________                                                         Number of residues                                             Amino Acid      in protein                                                     ______________________________________                                         Aspartate/Asparagine                                                                           62                                                             Threonine       21                                                             Serine          37                                                             Glutamate/Glutamine                                                                            52                                                             Proline         26                                                             Glycine         34                                                             Alanine         50                                                             Cysteine*        2                                                             Valine          23                                                             Methionine      12                                                             Isoleucine      20                                                             Leucine         35                                                             Tyrosine        17                                                             Phenylalanine   13                                                             Histidine       11                                                             Lysine           4                                                             Arginine        20                                                             Tryptophan*     13                                                             ______________________________________                                          *derived from nucleotide sequence of the gene                            

EXAMPLE 11

Substrate specificity of phthalyl amidase

A. Chemical structure requirements for enzyme activity

The activity of phthalyl amidase against 25 compounds was determined. The compounds were divided into beta-lactams (Table 9), phthalyl amides (Table 10), and aromatic ring substituted amides (Table 11). Each reaction mixture (1 ml total volume) contained 2.5 μmol of compound and 0.3 units of enzyme (based on the chromogenic substrate) of the preparative scale purified enzyme, in 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 8.0. The reactions were conducted at 30° C. Samples of the reaction mixture were taken at various times, and methanol (equal volume) was added to stop the reaction. The samples were examined by HPLC to determine the extent of substrate hydrolysis. The amount of compound hydrolyzed was calculated from a standard curve of the test compound. All substrates were stable in buffer at 30° C. and pH 8.0 in the absence of enzyme for 24 hours.

As the results in Table 9 indicate, the enzyme recognizes mono- and bicyclic beta-lactam compounds containing a phthalyl group attached to the exocyclic nitrogen. However, the side chain apparently requires a 2-carboxylate group, for example, phthalate, since no hydrolysis is observed in the absence of this functional group.

A wide variety of phthalyl amides are substrates for the enzyme as shown in Table 10. Substrates include phthalylated amino acids, dipeptides, monocyclic and bicyclic beta-lactams, phenyl, benzyl, and aliphatic amines. The enzyme also exhibited esterase activity as demonstrated by its ability to hydrolyze phthalate mono methyl ester (IX). In this series, compound XIII was the most active compound found.

Using compound XIII as a standard, a variety of aromatic ring substituted compounds were examined for reactivity with the enzyme. Results are shown in Table 11. Aromatic ring substituents at the 6 position of the phthalyl ring such as F and NH₂ were accepted by the enzyme. A hydroxyl group at the 3 position (XXI) of the ring and a nitrogen within the aromatic ring (XX) is also acceptable. Low levels of hydrolysis occur if a tetrazole is substituted for the 2-carboxylate group (XXII). Moving the carboxylate group to the 3 (XXIV) or 4 (XXIII) position of the aromatic ring completely eliminates hydrolytic activity. Compounds lacking the 2-carboxylate (XXV-XXVIII) are not suitable substrates for the enzyme.

These results are consistent with the enzyme being a novel catalyst that removes phthalyl protecting groups from a variety of amines under mild conditions.

                                      TABLE 9                                      __________________________________________________________________________     Compound                         Relative                                      number Structure                 activity                                      __________________________________________________________________________             ##STR6##                 47.9                                          III                                                                                    ##STR7##                 100                                           IV                                                                                     ##STR8##                 0                                             V                                                                                      ##STR9##                 0                                             VI                                                                                     ##STR10##                0                                             __________________________________________________________________________

                  TABLE 10                                                         ______________________________________                                          ##STR11##                                                                     Compound                        Relative                                       number  R Group                 Activity                                       ______________________________________                                         II                                                                                      ##STR12##              295.7                                          III                                                                                     ##STR13##              100.0                                          VIII                                                                                    ##STR14##              544.6                                          IX      OCH.sub.3               207.6                                                   ##STR15##              40.2                                           XI                                                                                      ##STR16##              31.8                                           XII                                                                                     ##STR17##              9.7                                            XIII                                                                                    ##STR18##              1027.2                                         XIV     LAspLPheOMe             118.5                                          XV                                                                             D,L-methionine                                                                         220.1                                                                  XVI                                                                            D,L-leucine                                                                            90.2                                                                   ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 11                                                         ______________________________________                                          ##STR19##                                                                     Compound                     Relative                                          number     R Group           Activity                                          ______________________________________                                         XVII       2-COOH            100.0                                             XVIII      6-F, 2-COOH       159.00                                            XVIX       6-NH.sub.2, 2-COOH                                                                               10.2                                              XX         2-COOH (with N at 85.9                                                         position 6)                                                         XXI        3-OH, 2-COOH      1.3                                               XXII                                                                                       ##STR20##        0.2                                               XXIII      4-COOH            0                                                 XXIV       3-COOH            0                                                 XXV        2-OH              0                                                 XXVI       3-OH              0                                                 XXVII      3,5-OH            0                                                 XXVIII     2-H               0                                                 ______________________________________                                    

B. Kinetic parameters for phthalyl amidase

The kinetic parameters of the enzyme were determined for several representative substrates. Compounds II, XVII, and XVIII were tested using 0.9 μg/ml of enzyme. Compounds III and XI were tested using 5.14 μg/ml of enzyme. Substrate concentrations were between 0 and 25 mM and reaction time was between 2 and 20 minutes, depending on the substrate used. All reactions were run at 32° C. and at pH 8.2. The K_(m), V_(max), K_(cat), and K_(cat) /K_(m) for these substrates are shown in Table 12. K_(m) is the Michaelis constant for enzyme kinetics, V_(max) is the maximal rate of reaction calculated by the Michaelis-Menten equation, and K_(cat) is the catalytic constant for an enzyme reaction.

                  TABLE 12                                                         ______________________________________                                                    Substrate                                                           Parameter    II      III.sup.a                                                                             XI    XVII  XVIII.sup.b                            ______________________________________                                         K.sub.m (mM) 0.05    0.9    0.14  0.09  0.17                                   V.sub.max (μmol/min/mg)                                                                  5.95    7.6    0.27  1.41  1.94                                   K.sub.cat (μmol/sec/μmol)                                                             4.95     6.33  0.22  1.18  1.61                                   K.sub.cat /K.sub.m                                                                          99.0    7.0    1.6   13.1  9.5                                    ______________________________________                                          .sup.a carbacepham nucleus                                                     (7amino-3-chloro-4-carboxy-1-carba-dethioceph-3-em ) (XXXIV)                   quantitatively monitored as the product of substrate III.                      .sup.b for the other substrates, phthalic acid was the product monitored       during the reaction.                                                           C. Chiral and additional substrate selectivity of phthalyl amidase.      

Several additional substrates were tested in a total volume of 1 ml. Reaction mixtures contained 0.009 mg (0.6 units) of enzyme, 2.5 μmol of substrate, and buffer A. All reactions were run at 30° C. for 2 minutes except for compounds XXX and XXXII, which were run for a longer time period since they were poor substrates for the enzyme. Reactions were stopped by the addition of methanol, and phthalic acid formation was monitored by HPLC. Results are shown in Table 13.

The results show that the enzyme has a marked preference for the D isomer of N-phthalyl-phenylglycine. The L isomer was an extremely poor substrate for the enzyme. Compound XXXI had a relative activity twice that of compound III as a substrate for the enzyme. However, by substituting a sulfonate group for the carboxyl group of the phthalyl moiety, enzyme reactivity is completely lost. Again, these results show the selectivity of this enzyme for N-phthalylated amines and indicate that the enzyme has a chiral preference on the amine side of the substrate.

                  TABLE 13                                                         ______________________________________                                         Compound                        Relative                                       Number  Structure               Activity                                       ______________________________________                                         III                                                                                     ##STR21##              100                                            XVIX                                                                                    ##STR22##              136                                            XXX                                                                                     ##STR23##              1.3                                            XXXI                                                                                    ##STR24##              200                                            XXXII                                                                                   ##STR25##              0.0                                            ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 12

Preparative scale synthesis of carbacephem nucleus

Phthalimido carbacephem (XXXIII) readily hydrolyzes to phthalamido carbacephem (III) in buffer at pH 8.0. Thus, either compound XXXIII or III can be used to prepare the carbacephem nucleus (XXXIV). Substrate (4 grams) was added to 20 ml of deionized water and the pH of the solution was adjusted to 8.0 with concentrated ammonium hydroxide. Phthalyl amidase, 80 units as determined using the chromogenic substrate (II), was added to start the reaction. Temperature was maintained at 30° C. and the pH maintained at 8.0 by adding 2N ammonium hydroxide. After 510 minutes under these conditions, HPLC analysis of the samples from the reaction indicated that compound III was 90.0% hydrolyzed and compound XXXIII was 98% hydrolyzed. The pH of the reaction was lowered to 5.0 thereby precipitating the carbacephem nucleus. Isolated yields of the nucleus were between 65% and 77%. ##STR26##

EXAMPLE 13

Expression of met-phthalyl amidase in Escherichia coli

Several small scale temperature inductions of E. coli DH5α/pZPA400 were carried out to assess the amount of met-phthalyl amidase protein and enzymatic activity generated by E. coli DH5α/pZPA400. Enzymatic activity was observed by incubation of a soluble cell extract with the chromogenic substrate (II) under conditions as described in Example 3 or with substrate III as described in Example 5. Results are reported in Table 14.

SDS-PAGE gels of the cell extract showed a Coomassie-stained protein band corresponding to approximately 50,000 daltons that increased upon temperature induction. Partial purification of the cell extract by anion exchange chromatography yielded fractions with increased phthalyl amidase specific activity. Phthalyl amidase in these fractions catalyzed cleavage of the phthalyl group from compound III to form compound XXXIV and phthalic acid.

EXAMPLE 14

Expression of pro-phthalyl amidase open reading frame in Streptomyces lividans

A 5 ml inoculum of Streptomyces lividans TK23/pZPA600 (grown for 48 hours at 30° C., 280 rpm) was added to each of two 2 L shake flasks containing 500 ml Trypticase Soy Broth medium and cultured at 30° C., 280 rpm for 24 hours. Incubations beyond 24 hours were deleterious to production of phthalyl amidase. Cells were removed by centrifugation (4° C., 15 min, 12,000×g) and phthalyl amidase activity in the cell-free broth was determined with compound III as substrate as in Example 13 (Table 14). The cell-free broth (800 ml, 0.10 mg/ml) was passed at 1 ml/min through a Mono Q column (10×10 mm (8 ml); Pharmacia). A linear gradient of 0 to 1.5M KCl in buffer A was passed over the column and 2 ml fractions were collected. Most of the phthalyl amidase activity eluted in fractions 19 and 20 (about 0.75M KCl).

A 1 ml aliquot of fraction 19 was concentrated 10-fold via ultrafiltration and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. A major protein band was observed at about 50,000 daltons, which corresponded to the molecular weight observed by electrospray mass spectrometry for purified mature phthalyl amidase obtained from Xanthobacter agilis. It also corresponded closely to the theoretical molecular weight predicted for a protein encoded by SEQ ID NO:1.

                  TABLE 14                                                         ______________________________________                                                             Specific     Volumetric                                    Expressing          Activity     Activity                                      Organism   Plasmid  (nmol/min/mg)                                                                               (nmol/min/L)                                  ______________________________________                                         Xanthobacter agilis                                                                       none     63.0.sup.a     3465.sup.a                                  Escherichia coli                                                                          pZPA400  0.96.sup.b     438.sup.b                                   Streptomyces                                                                              pZPA600  748.8.sup.b  76,378.sup.b                                  lividans                                                                       ______________________________________                                          Specific activity  units of enzyme/mg total protein                            Volumetric activity  units of enzyme/liter of whole broth                      Unit of enzyme  amount of enzyme that converts one nanomole of substrate       in one minute                                                                  Phthalyl amidase is cellbound for both Xanchobacter agilis and Escherichi      coli; for Streptomyces lividans phthalyl amidase is secreted into the          culture medium.                                                                .sup.a Method of release by sonication as in Example 4A. See also Example      4B where method of release by lysozyme treatment.                              .sup.b Method of assay as in Example 5.                                  

EXAMPLE 15

Use of recombinant phthalyl amidase to remove the phthalyl blocking group from phthalamido carbacephem

Activity was assayed by the addition of phthalyl amidase (30 μl of Mono Q fraction 19 from Example 14, 1.83 μg total protein) to 1.82 μg of compound III in a 1 ml reaction mixture buffered by 200 mM potassium phosphate, pH 8.2. The reaction was carried out at 32° C. for 20 minutes and stopped with the addition of 1 ml methanol. After removal of precipitate by centrifugation, an aliquot (30 μl ) of the supernatant fraction was monitored by HPLC (254 nm absorbance) for both the carbacephem nucleus (XXXIV) and phthalic acid using a Zorbax C8 column (0.46×15 cm; MacMod Analytical Inc.). The reaction products were eluted by a mobile phase constructed as continuous mixed gradients from (a) 1% acetonitrile/0.2% trifluoroacetic acid and (b) 80% acetonitrile/0.2% trifluoroacetic acid. The above substrate, loracarbef nucleus, and phthalic acid eluted at 11.0, 3.4, and 5.9 minutes, respectively. HPLC peaks were identified and quantitated using data generated by known amounts of authentic compounds. The specific activity of recombinant phthalyl amidase derived from fraction 19 for conversion of substrate was 9.5 μmol/min/mg protein.

EXAMPLE 16

Use of recombinant phthalyl amidase to remove the phthalyl blocking group from phthalimido-aspartame

In the synthesis of aspartame, the bivalent protection of the amino group of L-aspartic acid via a phthalimido moiety gives a superior substrate for a lyase-catalyzed condensation with L-phenylalanine methyl ester. However, an efficient method to convert the phthalimido-protected compound back to the amine was previously lacking. Following the condensation reaction, mild base was used to open the phthalimido moiety to a phthalamido moiety and recombinant phthalyl amidase was then used to catalyze hydrolysis of the latter to aspartame and phthalic acid (see Table 10).

    __________________________________________________________________________     SEQUENCE LISTING                                                               (1) GENERAL INFORMATION:                                                       (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 12                                                  (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 1359 base pairs                                                    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                           (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)                                              (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A ) NAME/KEY: CDS                                                             (B) LOCATION: 1..1356                                                          (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:                                        CAGGCGCCGTCTGTGCACCAACACGTCGCCTTCACTGAGGAAATTGGA48                             GlnAlaProSerValHisGlnHisValAlaPheThrGluGluIleGly                               15 1015                                                                        GACCTTCCCGACGGCTCAAGTTACATGATCCGTGTGCCGGAGAACTGG96                             AspLeuProAspGlySerSerTyrMetIleArgValProGluAsnTrp                               20 2530                                                                        AACGGCGTGTTAATTCGCGACCTAGACCTTGTCAGCGGCACCAGCAAT144                            AsnGlyValLeuIleArgAspLeuAspLeuValSerGlyThrSerAsn                               35 4045                                                                        TCTAACGCCGCAAGGTACGAAACCATGCTGAAAGAAGGTTTTGCCGTT192                            SerAsnAlaAlaArgTyrGluThrMetLeuLysGluGlyPheAlaVal                               5055 60                                                                        GCTGGCACGGCGAGGCATCCCCTTCGGCAATGGCAATATGACCCCGCT240                            AlaGlyThrAlaArgHisProLeuArgGlnTrpGlnTyrAspProAla                               65707 580                                                                      CACGAGATTGAAAACCTCAATCACGTGCTGGACACATTCGAGGAAAAT288                            HisGluIleGluAsnLeuAsnHisValLeuAspThrPheGluGluAsn                               85 9095                                                                        TACGGTTCACCTGAAAGAGTTATCCAGTACGGTTGCTCGGGTGGGGCA336                            TyrGlySerProGluArgValIleGlnTyrGlyCysSerGlyGlyAla                               100105 110                                                                     CACGTGTCACTAGCCGTGGCAGAGGACTTCTCGGACCGCGTAGATGGC384                            HisValSerLeuAlaValAlaGluAspPheSerAspArgValAspGly                               115120 125                                                                     TCAGTTGCTCTAGCTGCTCATACTCCTGTCTGGATAATGAATTCTTTC432                            SerValAlaLeuAlaAlaHisThrProValTrpIleMetAsnSerPhe                               13013514 0                                                                     TTGGACGGATGGTTTTCGCTGCAGTCTCTGATCGGCGAGTACTATGTA480                            LeuAspGlyTrpPheSerLeuGlnSerLeuIleGlyGluTyrTyrVal                               145150155 160                                                                  GAAGCTGGTCACGGCCCACTTTCGGATCTCGCTATTACGAAACTGCCC528                            GluAlaGlyHisGlyProLeuSerAspLeuAlaIleThrLysLeuPro                               165170 175                                                                     AATGATGGTAGCTCTAATTCGAGCGGTCATGGAATGGAAGGAGATCTT576                            AsnAspGlySerSerAsnSerSerGlyHisGlyMetGluGlyAspLeu                               180185 190                                                                     CCTGCCGCGTGGCGCAACGCGTTCACCGCTGCTAACGCCACACCTGAG624                            ProAlaAlaTrpArgAsnAlaPheThrAlaAlaAsnAlaThrProGlu                               195200205                                                                       GGTCGCGCACGCATGGCACTAGCCTTTGCGCTCGGTCAGTGGTCTCCG672                           GlyArgAlaArgMetAlaLeuAlaPheAlaLeuGlyGlnTrpSerPro                               210215220                                                                      TGGTTGGCC GACAACACGCCCCAACCTGATCTCGATGATCCTGAGGCC720                           TrpLeuAlaAspAsnThrProGlnProAspLeuAspAspProGluAla                               225230235240                                                                   ATCGC GGATTCCGTATATGAGTCTGCCATGCGACTTGCAGGAAGCCCT768                           IleAlaAspSerValTyrGluSerAlaMetArgLeuAlaGlySerPro                               245250255                                                                      GGGG GAGAAGCGCGCATAATGTTCGAGAACGCCGCTCGAGGGCAACAG816                           GlyGlyGluAlaArgIleMetPheGluAsnAlaAlaArgGlyGlnGln                               260265270                                                                      CTCTCT TGGAACGACGACATCGACTATGCGGATTTCTGGGAGAACTCA864                           LeuSerTrpAsnAspAspIleAspTyrAlaAspPheTrpGluAsnSer                               275280285                                                                      AACCCAGCCATG AAGAGCGCCGTTCAGGAGCTGTACGACACGGCCGGC912                           AsnProAlaMetLysSerAlaValGlnGluLeuTyrAspThrAlaGly                               290295300                                                                      CTTGATCTGCAGTCCGATAT AGAAACGGTAAATTCCCAGCCACGCATA960                           LeuAspLeuGlnSerAspIleGluThrValAsnSerGlnProArgIle                               305310315320                                                                   GAGGCATCGCAGTATG CGCTCGACTACTGGAACACGCCAGGTCGCAAT1008                          GluAlaSerGlnTyrAlaLeuAspTyrTrpAsnThrProGlyArgAsn                               325330335                                                                      GTCATTGGCGACCCC GAAGTTCCTGTGCTGCGCCTGCATATGATAGGC1056                          ValIleGlyAspProGluValProValLeuArgLeuHisMetIleGly                               340345350                                                                      GACTACCAAATTCCCTAT AGTCTTGTACAGGGCTACAGCGATCTTATC1104                          AspTyrGlnIleProTyrSerLeuValGlnGlyTyrSerAspLeuIle                               355360365                                                                      TCAGAGAACAACAATGATGACTT GTACAGAACTGCTTTTGTGCAATCC1152                          SerGluAsnAsnAsnAspAspLeuTyrArgThrAlaPheValGlnSer                               370375380                                                                      ACTGGACACTGCAATTTCACAGCTGCAGAAA GTTCCGCTGCGATTGAG1200                          ThrGlyHisCysAsnPheThrAlaAlaGluSerSerAlaAlaIleGlu                               385390395400                                                                   GTCATGATGCAACGGCTTGACACGGGT GAGTGGCCGAGCACCGAGCCG1248                          ValMetMetGlnArgLeuAspThrGlyGluTrpProSerThrGluPro                               405410415                                                                      GATGATCTGAATGCAATTGCCGAAGCC TCAAACACCGGAACTGAAGCA1296                          AspAspLeuAsnAlaIleAlaGluAlaSerAsnThrGlyThrGluAla                               420425430                                                                      CGTTTCATGGCCCTAGATGGCTGGGAAAT ACCCGAGTACAATCGTACT1344                          ArgPheMetAlaLeuAspGlyTrpGluIleProGluTyrAsnArgThr                               435440445                                                                      TGGAAGCCTGAATAA 1359                                                           TrpLysProGlu                                                                   450                                                                            (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 452 amino acids                                                    (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                           (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein                                                    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:                                        GlnAlaProSerValHisGlnHisVal AlaPheThrGluGluIleGly                              151015                                                                         AspLeuProAspGlySerSerTyrMetIleArgValProGluAsnTrp                               2025 30                                                                        AsnGlyValLeuIleArgAspLeuAspLeuValSerGlyThrSerAsn                               354045                                                                         SerAsnAlaAlaArgTyrGluThrMetLeuLysGluGlyPheAlaVal                                505560                                                                        AlaGlyThrAlaArgHisProLeuArgGlnTrpGlnTyrAspProAla                               65707580                                                                       HisGluIleGluAsn LeuAsnHisValLeuAspThrPheGluGluAsn                              859095                                                                         TyrGlySerProGluArgValIleGlnTyrGlyCysSerGlyGlyAla                               100 105110                                                                     HisValSerLeuAlaValAlaGluAspPheSerAspArgValAspGly                               115120125                                                                      SerValAlaLeuAlaAlaHisThrProValTrpIleMet AsnSerPhe                              130135140                                                                      LeuAspGlyTrpPheSerLeuGlnSerLeuIleGlyGluTyrTyrVal                               145150155160                                                                   GluA laGlyHisGlyProLeuSerAspLeuAlaIleThrLysLeuPro                              165170175                                                                      AsnAspGlySerSerAsnSerSerGlyHisGlyMetGluGlyAspLeu                               1 80185190                                                                     ProAlaAlaTrpArgAsnAlaPheThrAlaAlaAsnAlaThrProGlu                               195200205                                                                      GlyArgAlaArgMetAlaLeuAlaPhe AlaLeuGlyGlnTrpSerPro                              210215220                                                                      TrpLeuAlaAspAsnThrProGlnProAspLeuAspAspProGluAla                               225230235 240                                                                  IleAlaAspSerValTyrGluSerAlaMetArgLeuAlaGlySerPro                               245250255                                                                      GlyGlyGluAlaArgIleMetPheGluAsnAlaAlaArgGlyGlnGln                               260265270                                                                      LeuSerTrpAsnAspAspIleAspTyrAlaAspPheTrpGluAsnSer                               275280285                                                                      AsnProAlaMetLysS erAlaValGlnGluLeuTyrAspThrAlaGly                              290295300                                                                      LeuAspLeuGlnSerAspIleGluThrValAsnSerGlnProArgIle                               3053103 15320                                                                  GluAlaSerGlnTyrAlaLeuAspTyrTrpAsnThrProGlyArgAsn                               325330335                                                                      ValIleGlyAspProGluValProValLeuArgLeu HisMetIleGly                              340345350                                                                      AspTyrGlnIleProTyrSerLeuValGlnGlyTyrSerAspLeuIle                               355360365                                                                      SerGl uAsnAsnAsnAspAspLeuTyrArgThrAlaPheValGlnSer                              370375380                                                                      ThrGlyHisCysAsnPheThrAlaAlaGluSerSerAlaAlaIleGlu                               385390 395400                                                                  ValMetMetGlnArgLeuAspThrGlyGluTrpProSerThrGluPro                               405410415                                                                      AspAspLeuAsnAlaIleAlaGluA laSerAsnThrGlyThrGluAla                              420425430                                                                      ArgPheMetAlaLeuAspGlyTrpGluIleProGluTyrAsnArgThr                               435440 445                                                                     TrpLysProGlu                                                                   450                                                                            (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 1485 base pairs                                                    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                           (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)                                              (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: CDS                                                              (B) LOCATION: 1..1482                                                          (xi ) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3:                                       ATGATAATCAAGGGTAGTGTACCGGGTAAAGCCGGAGGAAAACCTCGA48                             MetIleIleLysGlySerValProGlyLysAlaGlyGlyLysProArg                               1510 15                                                                        GCGACCATCTTTCATAGTTCTATTGCAACGCTACTTTTAACCACAGTC96                             AlaThrIlePheHisSerSerIleAlaThrLeuLeuLeuThrThrVal                               2025 30                                                                        TCACTGTCAGGAGTAGCGCCAGCATTTGCACAGGCGCCGTCTGTGCAC144                            SerLeuSerGlyValAlaProAlaPheAlaGlnAlaProSerValHis                               354045                                                                          CAACACGTCGCCTTCACTGAGGAAATTGGAGACCTTCCCGACGGCTCA192                           GlnHisValAlaPheThrGluGluIleGlyAspLeuProAspGlySer                               505560                                                                         AGTTACATG ATCCGTGTGCCGGAGAACTGGAACGGCGTGTTAATTCGC240                           SerTyrMetIleArgValProGluAsnTrpAsnGlyValLeuIleArg                               65707580                                                                       GACCT AGACCTTGTCAGCGGCACCAGCAATTCTAACGCCGCAAGGTAC288                           AspLeuAspLeuValSerGlyThrSerAsnSerAsnAlaAlaArgTyr                               859095                                                                         GAAA CCATGCTGAAAGAAGGTTTTGCCGTTGCTGGCACGGCGAGGCAT336                           GluThrMetLeuLysGluGlyPheAlaValAlaGlyThrAlaArgHis                               100105110                                                                      CCCCTT CGGCAATGGCAATATGACCCCGCTCACGAGATTGAAAACCTC384                           ProLeuArgGlnTrpGlnTyrAspProAlaHisGluIleGluAsnLeu                               115120125                                                                      AATCACGTGCTG GACACATTCGAGGAAAATTACGGTTCACCTGAAAGA432                           AsnHisValLeuAspThrPheGluGluAsnTyrGlySerProGluArg                               130135140                                                                      GTTATCCAGTACGGTTGCTC GGGTGGGGCACACGTGTCACTAGCCGTG480                           ValIleGlnTyrGlyCysSerGlyGlyAlaHisValSerLeuAlaVal                               145150155160                                                                   GCAGAGGACTTCTCGG ACCGCGTAGATGGCTCAGTTGCTCTAGCTGCT528                           AlaGluAspPheSerAspArgValAspGlySerValAlaLeuAlaAla                               165170175                                                                      CATACTCCTGTCTGG ATAATGAATTCTTTCTTGGACGGATGGTTTTCG576                           HisThrProValTrpIleMetAsnSerPheLeuAspGlyTrpPheSer                               180185190                                                                      CTGCAGTCTCTGATCGGC GAGTACTATGTAGAAGCTGGTCACGGCCCA624                           LeuGlnSerLeuIleGlyGluTyrTyrValGluAlaGlyHisGlyPro                               195200205                                                                      CTTTCGGATCTCGCTATTACGAA ACTGCCCAATGATGGTAGCTCTAAT672                           LeuSerAspLeuAlaIleThrLysLeuProAsnAspGlySerSerAsn                               210215220                                                                      TCGAGCGGTCATGGAATGGAAGGAGATCTTC CTGCCGCGTGGCGCAAC720                           SerSerGlyHisGlyMetGluGlyAspLeuProAlaAlaTrpArgAsn                               225230235240                                                                   GCGTTCACCGCTGCTAACGCCACACCT GAGGGTCGCGCACGCATGGCA768                           AlaPheThrAlaAlaAsnAlaThrProGluGlyArgAlaArgMetAla                               245250255                                                                      CTAGCCTTTGCGCTCGGTCAGTGGTCT CCGTGGTTGGCCGACAACACG816                           LeuAlaPheAlaLeuGlyGlnTrpSerProTrpLeuAlaAspAsnThr                               260265270                                                                      CCCCAACCTGATCTCGATGATCCTGAGGC CATCGCGGATTCCGTATAT864                           ProGlnProAspLeuAspAspProGluAlaIleAlaAspSerValTyr                               275280285                                                                      GAGTCTGCCATGCGACTTGCAGGAAGCCCTGGGG GAGAAGCGCGCATA912                           GluSerAlaMetArgLeuAlaGlySerProGlyGlyGluAlaArgIle                               290295300                                                                      ATGTTCGAGAACGCCGCTCGAGGGCAACAGCTCTCTTGGAAC GACGAC960                           MetPheGluAsnAlaAlaArgGlyGlnGlnLeuSerTrpAsnAspAsp                               305310315320                                                                   ATCGACTATGCGGATTTCTGGGAGAACTCAAACCCAGCC ATGAAGAGC1008                          IleAspTyrAlaAspPheTrpGluAsnSerAsnProAlaMetLysSer                               325330335                                                                      GCCGTTCAGGAGCTGTACGACACGGCCGGCCTTGATCT GCAGTCCGAT1056                          AlaValGlnGluLeuTyrAspThrAlaGlyLeuAspLeuGlnSerAsp                               340345350                                                                      ATAGAAACGGTAAATTCCCAGCCACGCATAGAGGCATCGC AGTATGCG1104                          IleGluThrValAsnSerGlnProArgIleGluAlaSerGlnTyrAla                               355360365                                                                      CTCGACTACTGGAACACGCCAGGTCGCAATGTCATTGGCGACCCC GAA1152                          LeuAspTyrTrpAsnThrProGlyArgAsnValIleGlyAspProGlu                               370375380                                                                      GTTCCTGTGCTGCGCCTGCATATGATAGGCGACTACCAAATTCCCTAT120 0                          ValProValLeuArgLeuHisMetIleGlyAspTyrGlnIleProTyr                               385390395400                                                                   AGTCTTGTACAGGGCTACAGCGATCTTATCTCAGAGAACAACAATGAT 1248                          SerLeuValGlnGlyTyrSerAspLeuIleSerGluAsnAsnAsnAsp                               405410415                                                                      GACTTGTACAGAACTGCTTTTGTGCAATCCACTGGACACTGCAATTTC 1296                          AspLeuTyrArgThrAlaPheValGlnSerThrGlyHisCysAsnPhe                               420425430                                                                      ACAGCTGCAGAAAGTTCCGCTGCGATTGAGGTCATGATGCAACGGCTT 1344                          ThrAlaAlaGluSerSerAlaAlaIleGluValMetMetGlnArgLeu                               435440445                                                                      GACACGGGTGAGTGGCCGAGCACCGAGCCGGATGATCTGAATGCAATT1392                           A spThrGlyGluTrpProSerThrGluProAspAspLeuAsnAlaIle                              450455460                                                                      GCCGAAGCCTCAAACACCGGAACTGAAGCACGTTTCATGGCCCTAGAT1440                           AlaGluAla SerAsnThrGlyThrGluAlaArgPheMetAlaLeuAsp                              465470475480                                                                   GGCTGGGAAATACCCGAGTACAATCGTACTTGGAAGCCTGAATAA1485                              GlyTrp GluIleProGluTyrAsnArgThrTrpLysProGlu                                    485490                                                                         (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 494 amino acids                                                    (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                           (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein                                                    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4:                                         MetIleIleLysGlySerValProGlyLysAlaGlyGlyLysProArg                              151015                                                                         AlaThrIlePheHisSerSerIleAlaThrLeuLeuLeuThrThrVal                                202530                                                                        SerLeuSerGlyValAlaProAlaPheAlaGlnAlaProSerValHis                               354045                                                                         GlnHisValAlaPheThrGluGl uIleGlyAspLeuProAspGlySer                              505560                                                                         SerTyrMetIleArgValProGluAsnTrpAsnGlyValLeuIleArg                               657075 80                                                                      AspLeuAspLeuValSerGlyThrSerAsnSerAsnAlaAlaArgTyr                               859095                                                                         GluThrMetLeuLysGluGlyPheAlaValAlaGlyThrAlaA rgHis                              100105110                                                                      ProLeuArgGlnTrpGlnTyrAspProAlaHisGluIleGluAsnLeu                               115120125                                                                      AsnHisValLeu AspThrPheGluGluAsnTyrGlySerProGluArg                              130135140                                                                      ValIleGlnTyrGlyCysSerGlyGlyAlaHisValSerLeuAlaVal                               145150 155160                                                                  AlaGluAspPheSerAspArgValAspGlySerValAlaLeuAlaAla                               165170175                                                                      HisThrProValTrpIleMetAsnSerPheLe uAspGlyTrpPheSer                              180185190                                                                      LeuGlnSerLeuIleGlyGluTyrTyrValGluAlaGlyHisGlyPro                               195200205                                                                       LeuSerAspLeuAlaIleThrLysLeuProAsnAspGlySerSerAsn                              210215220                                                                      SerSerGlyHisGlyMetGluGlyAspLeuProAlaAlaTrpArgAsn                               225 230235240                                                                  AlaPheThrAlaAlaAsnAlaThrProGluGlyArgAlaArgMetAla                               245250255                                                                      LeuAlaPheAlaLeuGlyGln TrpSerProTrpLeuAlaAspAsnThr                              260265270                                                                      ProGlnProAspLeuAspAspProGluAlaIleAlaAspSerValTyr                               275280 285                                                                     GluSerAlaMetArgLeuAlaGlySerProGlyGlyGluAlaArgIle                               290295300                                                                      MetPheGluAsnAlaAlaArgGlyGlnGlnLeuSerTrpAsnAspAsp                               305 310315320                                                                  IleAspTyrAlaAspPheTrpGluAsnSerAsnProAlaMetLysSer                               325330335                                                                      AlaValGln GluLeuTyrAspThrAlaGlyLeuAspLeuGlnSerAsp                              340345350                                                                      IleGluThrValAsnSerGlnProArgIleGluAlaSerGlnTyrAla                               355 360365                                                                     LeuAspTyrTrpAsnThrProGlyArgAsnValIleGlyAspProGlu                               370375380                                                                      ValProValLeuArgLeuHisMetIleGlyAspTyrGlnIle ProTyr                              385390395400                                                                   SerLeuValGlnGlyTyrSerAspLeuIleSerGluAsnAsnAsnAsp                               405410415                                                                      AspLeuTyrArgThrAlaPheValGlnSerThrGlyHisCysAsnPhe                               420425430                                                                      ThrAlaAlaGluSerSerAlaAlaIleGluValMetMetGlnArgLeu                               4 35440445                                                                     AspThrGlyGluTrpProSerThrGluProAspAspLeuAsnAlaIle                               450455460                                                                      AlaGluAlaSerAsnThrGlyThrGluAla ArgPheMetAlaLeuAsp                              465470475480                                                                   GlyTrpGluIleProGluTyrAsnArgThrTrpLysProGlu                                     485490                                                                         (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 1620 base pairs                                                    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                           (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)                                              (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: CDS                                                              (B) LOCATION: 136..1617                                                        (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5:                                        GGATCCTTAGGAATCTAAACATTCTGGTTGACAC TCCACATTTTGAATGTCAGCATTTCG60                GCCATGGCTGCTATGCAGCCTGTTATTGCATTTGAAATGGAATAGATCAGCAAACTTATC120                GGGAGGATGAGTATTATGATAATCAAGGGTAGTGTACCGGGTAAAGCCGGA171                          MetIleIleLysGlySerValProGlyLysAlaGly                                          1510                                                                           GGAAAACCTCGAGCGACCATCTTTCATAGTTCTATTGCAACGCTACTT219                            GlyLysProAr gAlaThrIlePheHisSerSerIleAlaThrLeuLeu                              152025                                                                         TTAACCACAGTCTCACTGTCAGGAGTAGCGCCAGCATTTGCACAGGCG267                            LeuThrThrValSerL euSerGlyValAlaProAlaPheAlaGlnAla                              303540                                                                         CCGTCTGTGCACCAACACGTCGCCTTCACTGAGGAAATTGGAGACCTT315                            ProSerValHisGlnHisValAla PheThrGluGluIleGlyAspLeu                              45505560                                                                       CCCGACGGCTCAAGTTACATGATCCGTGTGCCGGAGAACTGGAACGGC363                            ProAspGlySerSerTyrMet IleArgValProGluAsnTrpAsnGly                              657075                                                                         GTGTTAATTCGCGACCTAGACCTTGTCAGCGGCACCAGCAATTCTAAC411                            ValLeuIleArgAspLeuAs pLeuValSerGlyThrSerAsnSerAsn                              808590                                                                         GCCGCAAGGTACGAAACCATGCTGAAAGAAGGTTTTGCCGTTGCTGGC459                            AlaAlaArgTyrGluThrMetL euLysGluGlyPheAlaValAlaGly                              95100105                                                                       ACGGCGAGGCATCCCCTTCGGCAATGGCAATATGACCCCGCTCACGAG507                            ThrAlaArgHisProLeuArgGlnTrp GlnTyrAspProAlaHisGlu                              110115120                                                                      ATTGAAAACCTCAATCACGTGCTGGACACATTCGAGGAAAATTACGGT555                            IleGluAsnLeuAsnHisValLeuAspThrPheGlu GluAsnTyrGly                              125130135140                                                                   TCACCTGAAAGAGTTATCCAGTACGGTTGCTCGGGTGGGGCACACGTG603                            SerProGluArgValIleGlnTyrGlyCysSe rGlyGlyAlaHisVal                              145150155                                                                      TCACTAGCCGTGGCAGAGGACTTCTCGGACCGCGTAGATGGCTCAGTT651                            SerLeuAlaValAlaGluAspPheSerAspA rgValAspGlySerVal                              160165170                                                                      GCTCTAGCTGCTCATACTCCTGTCTGGATAATGAATTCTTTCTTGGAC699                            AlaLeuAlaAlaHisThrProValTrpIleMet AsnSerPheLeuAsp                              175180185                                                                      GGATGGTTTTCGCTGCAGTCTCTGATCGGCGAGTACTATGTAGAAGCT747                            GlyTrpPheSerLeuGlnSerLeuIleGlyGluTyrTyr ValGluAla                              190195200                                                                      GGTCACGGCCCACTTTCGGATCTCGCTATTACGAAACTGCCCAATGAT795                            GlyHisGlyProLeuSerAspLeuAlaIleThrLysLeuProAsnAs p                              205210215220                                                                   GGTAGCTCTAATTCGAGCGGTCATGGAATGGAAGGAGATCTTCCTGCC843                            GlySerSerAsnSerSerGlyHisGlyMetGluGlyAspLeuP roAla                              225230235                                                                      GCGTGGCGCAACGCGTTCACCGCTGCTAACGCCACACCTGAGGGTCGC891                            AlaTrpArgAsnAlaPheThrAlaAlaAsnAlaThrProGlu GlyArg                              240245250                                                                      GCACGCATGGCACTAGCCTTTGCGCTCGGTCAGTGGTCTCCGTGGTTG939                            AlaArgMetAlaLeuAlaPheAlaLeuGlyGlnTrpSerProTrp Leu                              255260265                                                                      GCCGACAACACGCCCCAACCTGATCTCGATGATCCTGAGGCCATCGCG987                            AlaAspAsnThrProGlnProAspLeuAspAspProGluAlaIleAla                                270275280                                                                     GATTCCGTATATGAGTCTGCCATGCGACTTGCAGGAAGCCCTGGGGGA1035                           AspSerValTyrGluSerAlaMetArgLeuAlaGlySerProGlyGly                               285 290295300                                                                  GAAGCGCGCATAATGTTCGAGAACGCCGCTCGAGGGCAACAGCTCTCT1083                           GluAlaArgIleMetPheGluAsnAlaAlaArgGlyGlnGlnLeuSer                                305310315                                                                     TGGAACGACGACATCGACTATGCGGATTTCTGGGAGAACTCAAACCCA1131                           TrpAsnAspAspIleAspTyrAlaAspPheTrpGluAsnSerAsnPro                                320325330                                                                     GCCATGAAGAGCGCCGTTCAGGAGCTGTACGACACGGCCGGCCTTGAT1179                           AlaMetLysSerAlaValGlnGluLeuTyrAspThrAlaGlyLeuAsp                               3 35340345                                                                     CTGCAGTCCGATATAGAAACGGTAAATTCCCAGCCACGCATAGAGGCA1227                           LeuGlnSerAspIleGluThrValAsnSerGlnProArgIleGluAla                               350 355360                                                                     TCGCAGTATGCGCTCGACTACTGGAACACGCCAGGTCGCAATGTCATT1275                           SerGlnTyrAlaLeuAspTyrTrpAsnThrProGlyArgAsnValIle                               365370 375380                                                                  GGCGACCCCGAAGTTCCTGTGCTGCGCCTGCATATGATAGGCGACTAC1323                           GlyAspProGluValProValLeuArgLeuHisMetIleGlyAspTyr                               385 390395                                                                     CAAATTCCCTATAGTCTTGTACAGGGCTACAGCGATCTTATCTCAGAG1371                           GlnIleProTyrSerLeuValGlnGlyTyrSerAspLeuIleSerGlu                               400 405410                                                                     AACAACAATGATGACTTGTACAGAACTGCTTTTGTGCAATCCACTGGA1419                           AsnAsnAsnAspAspLeuTyrArgThrAlaPheValGlnSerThrGly                               415 420425                                                                     CACTGCAATTTCACAGCTGCAGAAAGTTCCGCTGCGATTGAGGTCATG1467                           HisCysAsnPheThrAlaAlaGluSerSerAlaAlaIleGluValMet                               430435 440                                                                     ATGCAACGGCTTGACACGGGTGAGTGGCCGAGCACCGAGCCGGATGAT1515                           MetGlnArgLeuAspThrGlyGluTrpProSerThrGluProAspAsp                               44545045 5460                                                                  CTGAATGCAATTGCCGAAGCCTCAAACACCGGAACTGAAGCACGTTTC1563                           LeuAsnAlaIleAlaGluAlaSerAsnThrGlyThrGluAlaArgPhe                               4654 70475                                                                     ATGGCCCTAGATGGCTGGGAAATACCCGAGTACAATCGTACTTGGAAG1611                           MetAlaLeuAspGlyTrpGluIleProGluTyrAsnArgThrTrpLys                               480485 490                                                                     CCTGAATAA1620                                                                  ProGlu                                                                         (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 3029 base pairs                                                    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                           (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)                                              (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: CDS                                                              (B) LOCATION: 136..1617                                                        (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:6:                                        GGATCCTTAGGAATCTAAACATTCTGGTTGACACTCCACATTTTGAATGTCAGCATTTCG60                 GCCATGGCTGCTATGCAGCCTGTTATTGCATTTGAAATGGAA TAGATCAGCAAACTTATC120               GGGAGGATGAGTATTATGATAATCAAGGGTAGTGTACCGGGTAAAGCCGGA171                         MetIleIleLysGlySerValProGlyLysAlaGly                                           1 510                                                                          GGAAAACCTCGAGCGACCATCTTTCATAGTTCTATTGCAACGCTACTT219                            GlyLysProArgAlaThrIlePheHisSerSerIleAlaThrLeuLeu                               1520 25                                                                        TTAACCACAGTCTCACTGTCAGGAGTAGCGCCAGCATTTGCACAGGCG267                            LeuThrThrValSerLeuSerGlyValAlaProAlaPheAlaGlnAla                               3035 40                                                                        CCGTCTGTGCACCAACACGTCGCCTTCACTGAGGAAATTGGAGACCTT315                            ProSerValHisGlnHisValAlaPheThrGluGluIleGlyAspLeu                               455055 60                                                                      CCCGACGGCTCAAGTTACATGATCCGTGTGCCGGAGAACTGGAACGGC363                            ProAspGlySerSerTyrMetIleArgValProGluAsnTrpAsnGly                               6570 75                                                                        GTGTTAATTCGCGACCTAGACCTTGTCAGCGGCACCAGCAATTCTAAC411                            ValLeuIleArgAspLeuAspLeuValSerGlyThrSerAsnSerAsn                               8085 90                                                                        GCCGCAAGGTACGAAACCATGCTGAAAGAAGGTTTTGCCGTTGCTGGC459                            AlaAlaArgTyrGluThrMetLeuLysGluGlyPheAlaValAlaGly                               95100 105                                                                      ACGGCGAGGCATCCCCTTCGGCAATGGCAATATGACCCCGCTCACGAG507                            ThrAlaArgHisProLeuArgGlnTrpGlnTyrAspProAlaHisGlu                               110115120                                                                      ATTG AAAACCTCAATCACGTGCTGGACACATTCGAGGAAAATTACGGT555                           IleGluAsnLeuAsnHisValLeuAspThrPheGluGluAsnTyrGly                               125130135140                                                                    TCACCTGAAAGAGTTATCCAGTACGGTTGCTCGGGTGGGGCACACGTG603                           SerProGluArgValIleGlnTyrGlyCysSerGlyGlyAlaHisVal                               145150155                                                                       TCACTAGCCGTGGCAGAGGACTTCTCGGACCGCGTAGATGGCTCAGTT651                           SerLeuAlaValAlaGluAspPheSerAspArgValAspGlySerVal                               160165170                                                                      GC TCTAGCTGCTCATACTCCTGTCTGGATAATGAATTCTTTCTTGGAC699                           AlaLeuAlaAlaHisThrProValTrpIleMetAsnSerPheLeuAsp                               175180185                                                                      GGATGGT TTTCGCTGCAGTCTCTGATCGGCGAGTACTATGTAGAAGCT747                           GlyTrpPheSerLeuGlnSerLeuIleGlyGluTyrTyrValGluAla                               190195200                                                                      GGTCACGGCCCACTT TCGGATCTCGCTATTACGAAACTGCCCAATGAT795                           GlyHisGlyProLeuSerAspLeuAlaIleThrLysLeuProAsnAsp                               205210215220                                                                   GGTAGCTCTAAT TCGAGCGGTCATGGAATGGAAGGAGATCTTCCTGCC843                           GlySerSerAsnSerSerGlyHisGlyMetGluGlyAspLeuProAla                               225230235                                                                      GCGTGGCGCAA CGCGTTCACCGCTGCTAACGCCACACCTGAGGGTCGC891                           AlaTrpArgAsnAlaPheThrAlaAlaAsnAlaThrProGluGlyArg                               240245250                                                                      GCACGCATGGCAC TAGCCTTTGCGCTCGGTCAGTGGTCTCCGTGGTTG939                           AlaArgMetAlaLeuAlaPheAlaLeuGlyGlnTrpSerProTrpLeu                               255260265                                                                      GCCGACAACACGCCCCAA CCTGATCTCGATGATCCTGAGGCCATCGCG987                           AlaAspAsnThrProGlnProAspLeuAspAspProGluAlaIleAla                               270275280                                                                      GATTCCGTATATGAGTCTGCCATGCGA CTTGCAGGAAGCCCTGGGGGA1035                          AspSerValTyrGluSerAlaMetArgLeuAlaGlySerProGlyGly                               285290295300                                                                   GAAGCGCGCATAATGTTCGAGAA CGCCGCTCGAGGGCAACAGCTCTCT1083                          GluAlaArgIleMetPheGluAsnAlaAlaArgGlyGlnGlnLeuSer                               305310315                                                                      TGGAACGACGACATCGACTATG CGGATTTCTGGGAGAACTCAAACCCA1131                          TrpAsnAspAspIleAspTyrAlaAspPheTrpGluAsnSerAsnPro                               320325330                                                                      GCCATGAAGAGCGCCGTTCAGGAG CTGTACGACACGGCCGGCCTTGAT1179                          AlaMetLysSerAlaValGlnGluLeuTyrAspThrAlaGlyLeuAsp                               335340345                                                                      CTGCAGTCCGATATAGAAACGGTAAATTCC CAGCCACGCATAGAGGCA1227                          LeuGlnSerAspIleGluThrValAsnSerGlnProArgIleGluAla                               350355360                                                                      TCGCAGTATGCGCTCGACTACTGGAACACGCCAGGTCG CAATGTCATT1275                          SerGlnTyrAlaLeuAspTyrTrpAsnThrProGlyArgAsnValIle                               365370375380                                                                   GGCGACCCCGAAGTTCCTGTGCTGCGCCTGCATA TGATAGGCGACTAC1323                          GlyAspProGluValProValLeuArgLeuHisMetIleGlyAspTyr                               385390395                                                                      CAAATTCCCTATAGTCTTGTACAGGGCTACAGC GATCTTATCTCAGAG1371                          GlnIleProTyrSerLeuValGlnGlyTyrSerAspLeuIleSerGlu                               400405410                                                                      AACAACAATGATGACTTGTACAGAACTGCTTTTGTG CAATCCACTGGA1419                          AsnAsnAsnAspAspLeuTyrArgThrAlaPheValGlnSerThrGly                               415420425                                                                      CACTGCAATTTCACAGCTGCAGAAAGTTCCGCTGCGATTGA GGTCATG1467                          HisCysAsnPheThrAlaAlaGluSerSerAlaAlaIleGluValMet                               430435440                                                                      ATGCAACGGCTTGACACGGGTGAGTGGCCGAGCACCGAGCCGGATGAT 1515                          MetGlnArgLeuAspThrGlyGluTrpProSerThrGluProAspAsp                               445450455460                                                                   CTGAATGCAATTGCCGAAGCCTCAAACACCGGAACTGAAGCACGT TTC1563                          LeuAsnAlaIleAlaGluAlaSerAsnThrGlyThrGluAlaArgPhe                               465470475                                                                      ATGGCCCTAGATGGCTGGGAAATACCCGAGTACAATCGTACTTGG AAG1611                          MetAlaLeuAspGlyTrpGluIleProGluTyrAsnArgThrTrpLys                               480485490                                                                      CCTGAATAATCACCATTCTGGAGGCTCACGTTCGCGAAGGGTTGCGGCGAAGAAAA 1667                  ProGlu                                                                         CATGCGCCGCAACCTATCCTCCAAACAAGGGCCAGTTCAACGACGAACAAGCCAGACCGG1727               CGCAAGCCGCGCTAATCTAATTCACCGCTCCAACCCGCGATCTCGCGACCGCCCGCGCTG1787               CATGTCGAGCTTCTGTTGCTGCGCCC GCTCAAGCGTATAATCACGCCGGATAATCGTTTC1847              CCGCGCTTTGTTCGTGATCCTTGCAACGTCCTTGATGCGATCGACGTTACGGGCTGTCTC1907               TGAAGGCTGTGAGCGTGTGCGATCAAGCGCCTGATCGATATCGCGATGATTGCTTGATCC1967               GAA CCGGATCTGCATAGCCCGGGCAATACGTTTGGCTTCATCAAGCGCCTGTTTGCCATC2027              AGCCGTCTTTTCGAGCTGATCGACAAAGCCCGTCCGTGCCTTCGCATCCTTGATCTGATC2087               GAGCTGCCTGAGCAGGGTTTCGCTGCGAGGTGAGAGGCCAGGAATCTCG ACGCGATCATT2147              ATTGTCACGCCGCCATTGTTCGGCTTCCTTTTCCTCGGCAAAGCGCCGCGTCCAGGTCTT2207               CCCCGCCGCGTCCAGATGCGAACTCATCGCCTCGGCCCGCTTGAGGGCATTTTTTGCGCT2267               CGGCATTGGCACCGAACAGGCCGAAC TTGCCGCGCAGCTGTTGATTTCTGCTGAGAAGTG2327              ACCCGGTATTGGAGTGAACCCCTGGGACTGGACCAGCGGGGAAGAAAAGCTGATACGCTC2387               TGTGGGCCTTGAATGGAGAAGGTCCATGTCACCAAGAGGTCCCTACCGCCGTCACTCGAT2447               GCA GTTCAAGCGTAAGCGCCAAGCCTGGCCCGTCTGGTGATGGCTGCCTTTGAGCGCTAT2507              CGACACCCCGGAGTTAGTGATGGGTGTCATGTTCTATGTCTGCGACTATGCCTGCAGATA2567               GAAGTTTCCAGTTGATCGAGGCGGTTCCGGATCGGATGGAGGGCGCTCC GGTTGCGCGGC2627              GACGCCGGTGGTCGGACGCGTTCAAGGCCGAGATGGTAGCGCGCAGCTTCGAACCTGGAA2687               CGAATGTGTCGGCACTGGCGCGCGAGATCGGCATCCAGTCCTCGCAGTTGTTCGGCTGGC2747               GCGCCGAGGCCCTCAAGCGCGGAGAG GTGGAAAGGCGCGATGTTGATATCGTTGCAACGC2807              AAGCCTCTCGCTTGGTGAGCGGGACGGTCGAGATCGCGGTCAACGACACGGTGATCCGGG2867               TCGGCATTGATATCGGGGAAGACCATTTGCGGCGCGTGATCCGCGCTGTGCGGTCGGCAT2927               GAT CCCTGCGGGTGTGAAGGTCTATCTGGCCAGCCAGCCGGTAGACTTCAGGAAAGGTCC2987              AGACGGCCTTGTTGGCCTGGTGCGCGATGCTGGAGCGGATCC3029                                 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:7:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 135 base pairs                                                      (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                        (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                           (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)                                              (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:7:                                        GGATCCTTAGGAATCTAAACATTCTGGTTGACACTCCACATTTTGAATGTCAGCATTTCG60                 GCCATGGCTGCTATGCAGCCTGTTATTGCATTTGAAATGGAATAGAT CAGCAAACTTATC120               GGGAGGATGAGTATT135                                                             (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:8:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 126 base pairs                                                     (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                           ( ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)                                             (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: CDS                                                              (B) LOCATION: 1..126                                                           (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:8:                                        ATGATAATCAAGGGTAGTGTACCGGGTAAAGCCGGAGGAAAACCTCGA48                             MetIleIleLysGlySerValProGlyLysAlaGlyGlyLy sProArg                              151015                                                                         GCGACCATCTTTCATAGTTCTATTGCAACGCTACTTTTAACCACAGTC96                             AlaThrIlePheHisSerSerIleAlaThrLeuLeuLeuT hrThrVal                              202530                                                                         TCACTGTCAGGAGTAGCGCCAGCATTTGCA126                                              SerLeuSerGlyValAlaProAlaPheAla                                                 35 40                                                                          (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:9:                                               (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 42 amino acids                                                     (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                           (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein                                                    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:9:                                        MetIleIleLysGlySerValProGlyLysAlaGlyGlyLysProArg                               1 51015                                                                        AlaThrIlePheHisSerSerIleAlaThrLeuLeuLeuThrThrVal                               202530                                                                         SerLeuSerGlyValAl aProAlaPheAla                                                3540                                                                           (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:10:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 1409 base pairs                                                    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                           (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)                                              (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:10:                                       TCACCATTCTGGAGGCTCA CGTTCGCGAAGGGTTGCGGCGAAGAAAACATGCGCCGCAAC60                CTATCCTCCAAACAAGGGCCAGTTCAACGACGAACAAGCCAGACCGGCGCAAGCCGCGCT120                AATCTAATTCACCGCTCCAACCCGCGATCTCGCGACCGCCCGCGCTGCATGTCGAGCTTC1 80               TGTTGCTGCGCCCGCTCAAGCGTATAATCACGCCGGATAATCGTTTCCCGCGCTTTGTTC240                GTGATCCTTGCAACGTCCTTGATGCGATCGACGTTACGGGCTGTCTCTGAAGGCTGTGAG300                CGTGTGCGATCAAGCGCCTGATCGATATCGCGATGATTGCT TGATCCGAACCGGATCTGC360               ATAGCCCGGGCAATACGTTTGGCTTCATCAAGCGCCTGTTTGCCATCAGCCGTCTTTTCG420                AGCTGATCGACAAAGCCCGTCCGTGCCTTCGCATCCTTGATCTGATCGAGCTGCCTGAGC480                AGGGTTTCGCTGCGAGGTG AGAGGCCAGGAATCTCGACGCGATCATTATTGTCACGCCGC540               CATTGTTCGGCTTCCTTTTCCTCGGCAAAGCGCCGCGTCCAGGTCTTCCCCGCCGCGTCC600                AGATGCGAACTCATCGCCTCGGCCCGCTTGAGGGCATTTTTTGCGCTCGGCATTGGCACC6 60               GAACAGGCCGAACTTGCCGCGCAGCTGTTGATTTCTGCTGAGAAGTGACCCGGTATTGGA720                GTGAACCCCTGGGACTGGACCAGCGGGGAAGAAAAGCTGATACGCTCTGTGGGCCTTGAA780                TGGAGAAGGTCCATGTCACCAAGAGGTCCCTACCGCCGTCA CTCGATGCAGTTCAAGCGT840               AAGCGCCAAGCCTGGCCCGTCTGGTGATGGCTGCCTTTGAGCGCTATCGACACCCCGGAG900                TTAGTGATGGGTGTCATGTTCTATGTCTGCGACTATGCCTGCAGATAGAAGTTTCCAGTT960                GATCGAGGCGGTTCCGGAT CGGATGGAGGGCGCTCCGGTTGCGCGGCGACGCCGGTGGTC1020              GGACGCGTTCAAGGCCGAGATGGTAGCGCGCAGCTTCGAACCTGGAACGAATGTGTCGGC1080               ACTGGCGCGCGAGATCGGCATCCAGTCCTCGCAGTTGTTCGGCTGGCGCGCCGAGGCCCT11 40              CAAGCGCGGAGAGGTGGAAAGGCGCGATGTTGATATCGTTGCAACGCAAGCCTCTCGCTT1200               GGTGAGCGGGACGGTCGAGATCGCGGTCAACGACACGGTGATCCGGGTCGGCATTGATAT1260               CGGGGAAGACCATTTGCGGCGCGTGATCCGCGCTGTGCGGT CGGCATGATCCCTGCGGGT1320              GTGAAGGTCTATCTGGCCAGCCAGCCGGTAGACTTCAGGAAAGGTCCAGACGGCCTTGTT1380               GGCCTGGTGCGCGATGCTGGAGCGGATCC1409                                              (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:11:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH: 1362 base pairs                                                    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid                                                         (C) STRANDEDNESS: single                                                       (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                           (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)                                              (ix) FEATURE:                                                                  (A) NAME/KEY: CDS                                                              (B) LOCATION: 1..1359                                                          (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:11:                                       ATGCAGGCGCCGTCTGTGCACCAACACGTCGCCTTC ACTGAGGAAATT48                            MetGlnAlaProSerValHisGlnHisValAlaPheThrGluGluIle                               151015                                                                         GGAGACCTTCCCGACGGCTCAAGTTACATGATCCG TGTGCCGGAGAAC96                            GlyAspLeuProAspGlySerSerTyrMetIleArgValProGluAsn                               202530                                                                         TGGAACGGCGTGTTAATTCGCGACCTAGACCTTGTCA GCGGCACCAGC144                           TrpAsnGlyValLeuIleArgAspLeuAspLeuValSerGlyThrSer                               354045                                                                         AATTCTAACGCCGCAAGGTACGAAACCATGCTGAAAGAAGGT TTTGCC192                           AsnSerAsnAlaAlaArgTyrGluThrMetLeuLysGluGlyPheAla                               505560                                                                         GTTGCTGGCACGGCGAGGCATCCCCTTCGGCAATGGCAATATGACCCC 240                           ValAlaGlyThrAlaArgHisProLeuArgGlnTrpGlnTyrAspPro                               65707580                                                                       GCTCACGAGATTGAAAACCTCAATCACGTGCTGGACACATTCGAGGA A288                           AlaHisGluIleGluAsnLeuAsnHisValLeuAspThrPheGluGlu                               859095                                                                         AATTACGGTTCACCTGAAAGAGTTATCCAGTACGGTTGCTCGGGTG GG336                           AsnTyrGlySerProGluArgValIleGlnTyrGlyCysSerGlyGly                               100105110                                                                      GCACACGTGTCACTAGCCGTGGCAGAGGACTTCTCGGACCGCGTAGAT 384                           AlaHisValSerLeuAlaValAlaGluAspPheSerAspArgValAsp                               115120125                                                                      GGCTCAGTTGCTCTAGCTGCTCATACTCCTGTCTGGATAATGAATTCT43 2                           GlySerValAlaLeuAlaAlaHisThrProValTrpIleMetAsnSer                               130135140                                                                      TTCTTGGACGGATGGTTTTCGCTGCAGTCTCTGATCGGCGAGTACTAT480                            PheLeu AspGlyTrpPheSerLeuGlnSerLeuIleGlyGluTyrTyr                              145150155160                                                                   GTAGAAGCTGGTCACGGCCCACTTTCGGATCTCGCTATTACGAAACTG528                            Val GluAlaGlyHisGlyProLeuSerAspLeuAlaIleThrLysLeu                              165170175                                                                      CCCAATGATGGTAGCTCTAATTCGAGCGGTCATGGAATGGAAGGAGAT576                            Pr oAsnAspGlySerSerAsnSerSerGlyHisGlyMetGluGlyAsp                              180185190                                                                      CTTCCTGCCGCGTGGCGCAACGCGTTCACCGCTGCTAACGCCACACCT624                            LeuP roAlaAlaTrpArgAsnAlaPheThrAlaAlaAsnAlaThrPro                              195200205                                                                      GAGGGTCGCGCACGCATGGCACTAGCCTTTGCGCTCGGTCAGTGGTCT672                            GluGlyArg AlaArgMetAlaLeuAlaPheAlaLeuGlyGlnTrpSer                              210215220                                                                      CCGTGGTTGGCCGACAACACGCCCCAACCTGATCTCGATGATCCTGAG720                            ProTrpLeuAlaAspAsn ThrProGlnProAspLeuAspAspProGlu                              225230235240                                                                   GCCATCGCGGATTCCGTATATGAGTCTGCCATGCGACTTGCAGGAAGC768                            AlaIleAlaAspSe rValTyrGluSerAlaMetArgLeuAlaGlySer                              245250255                                                                      CCTGGGGGAGAAGCGCGCATAATGTTCGAGAACGCCGCTCGAGGGCAA816                            ProGlyGlyGluA laArgIleMetPheGluAsnAlaAlaArgGlyGln                              260265270                                                                      CAGCTCTCTTGGAACGACGACATCGACTATGCGGATTTCTGGGAGAAC864                            GlnLeuSerTrpAsn AspAspIleAspTyrAlaAspPheTrpGluAsn                              275280285                                                                      TCAAACCCAGCCATGAAGAGCGCCGTTCAGGAGCTGTACGACACGGCC912                            SerAsnProAlaMetLysSer AlaValGlnGluLeuTyrAspThrAla                              290295300                                                                      GGCCTTGATCTGCAGTCCGATATAGAAACGGTAAATTCCCAGCCACGC960                            GlyLeuAspLeuGlnSerAspIleGluTh rValAsnSerGlnProArg                              305310315320                                                                   ATAGAGGCATCGCAGTATGCGCTCGACTACTGGAACACGCCAGGTCGC1008                           IleGluAlaSerGlnTyrAlaLeuA spTyrTrpAsnThrProGlyArg                              325330335                                                                      AATGTCATTGGCGACCCCGAAGTTCCTGTGCTGCGCCTGCATATGATA1056                           AsnValIleGlyAspProGluVal ProValLeuArgLeuHisMetIle                              340345350                                                                      GGCGACTACCAAATTCCCTATAGTCTTGTACAGGGCTACAGCGATCTT1104                           GlyAspTyrGlnIleProTyrSerLeu ValGlnGlyTyrSerAspLeu                              355360365                                                                      ATCTCAGAGAACAACAATGATGACTTGTACAGAACTGCTTTTGTGCAA1152                           IleSerGluAsnAsnAsnAspAspLeuTyrAr gThrAlaPheValGln                              370375380                                                                      TCCACTGGACACTGCAATTTCACAGCTGCAGAAAGTTCCGCTGCGATT1200                           SerThrGlyHisCysAsnPheThrAlaAlaGluSerSerA laAlaIle                              385390395400                                                                   GAGGTCATGATGCAACGGCTTGACACGGGTGAGTGGCCGAGCACCGAG1248                           GluValMetMetGlnArgLeuAspThrGlyGluTrp ProSerThrGlu                              405410415                                                                      CCGGATGATCTGAATGCAATTGCCGAAGCCTCAAACACCGGAACTGAA1296                           ProAspAspLeuAsnAlaIleAlaGluAlaSerAsn ThrGlyThrGlu                              420425430                                                                      GCACGTTTCATGGCCCTAGATGGCTGGGAAATACCCGAGTACAATCGT1344                           AlaArgPheMetAlaLeuAspGlyTrpGluIleProGl uTyrAsnArg                              435440445                                                                      ACTTGGAAGCCTGAATAA1362                                                         ThrTrpLysProGlu                                                                450                                                                            (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:12:                                              (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                   (A) LENGTH: 453 amino acids                                                   (B) TYPE: amino acid                                                           (D) TOPOLOGY: linear                                                           (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein                                                    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:12:                                       MetGlnAlaProSerValHisGlnHisValAlaPheThrGluGluIle                               1510 15                                                                        GlyAspLeuProAspGlySerSerTyrMetIleArgValProGluAsn                               202530                                                                         TrpAsnGlyValLeuIleArgAspLeuAspLeuValSerGlyThrSer                                354045                                                                        AsnSerAsnAlaAlaArgTyrGluThrMetLeuLysGluGlyPheAla                               505560                                                                         ValAlaGlyThrAlaArgHisProL euArgGlnTrpGlnTyrAspPro                              65707580                                                                       AlaHisGluIleGluAsnLeuAsnHisValLeuAspThrPheGluGlu                               85 9095                                                                        AsnTyrGlySerProGluArgValIleGlnTyrGlyCysSerGlyGly                               100105110                                                                      AlaHisValSerLeuAlaValAlaGluAspPheSerAsp ArgValAsp                              115120125                                                                      GlySerValAlaLeuAlaAlaHisThrProValTrpIleMetAsnSer                               130135140                                                                      PheLeuAspGlyTr pPheSerLeuGlnSerLeuIleGlyGluTyrTyr                              145150155160                                                                   ValGluAlaGlyHisGlyProLeuSerAspLeuAlaIleThrLysLeu                               165 170175                                                                     ProAsnAspGlySerSerAsnSerSerGlyHisGlyMetGluGlyAsp                               180185190                                                                      LeuProAlaAlaTrpArgAsnAlaPheT hrAlaAlaAsnAlaThrPro                              195200205                                                                      GluGlyArgAlaArgMetAlaLeuAlaPheAlaLeuGlyGlnTrpSer                               210215220                                                                      Pro TrpLeuAlaAspAsnThrProGlnProAspLeuAspAspProGlu                              225230235240                                                                   AlaIleAlaAspSerValTyrGluSerAlaMetArgLeuAlaGlySer                                245250255                                                                     ProGlyGlyGluAlaArgIleMetPheGluAsnAlaAlaArgGlyGln                               260265270                                                                      GlnLeuSerTrpAsnAs pAspIleAspTyrAlaAspPheTrpGluAsn                              275280285                                                                      SerAsnProAlaMetLysSerAlaValGlnGluLeuTyrAspThrAla                               290295 300                                                                     GlyLeuAspLeuGlnSerAspIleGluThrValAsnSerGlnProArg                               305310315320                                                                   IleGluAlaSerGlnTyrAlaLeuAspTyrTrpAsnThrProG lyArg                              325330335                                                                      AsnValIleGlyAspProGluValProValLeuArgLeuHisMetIle                               340345350                                                                      GlyAsp TyrGlnIleProTyrSerLeuValGlnGlyTyrSerAspLeu                              355360365                                                                      IleSerGluAsnAsnAsnAspAspLeuTyrArgThrAlaPheValGln                               370 375380                                                                     SerThrGlyHisCysAsnPheThrAlaAlaGluSerSerAlaAlaIle                               385390395400                                                                   GluValMetMetGlnArgLeuAspThrGlyGl uTrpProSerThrGlu                              405410415                                                                      ProAspAspLeuAsnAlaIleAlaGluAlaSerAsnThrGlyThrGlu                               420425 430                                                                     AlaArgPheMetAlaLeuAspGlyTrpGluIleProGluTyrAsnArg                               435440445                                                                      ThrTrpLysProGlu                                                                450                                                                        

We claim:
 1. A DNA compound that comprises an isolated nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:2.
 2. The DNA compound of claim 1 wherein said isolated nucleotide sequence is SEQ ID NO:1.
 3. The DNA compound of claim 1 that further comprises a signal peptide-encoding nucleotide sequence located adjacent to and upstream from said isolated nucleotide sequence.
 4. The DNA compound of claim 3 wherein said signal peptide-encoding nucleotide sequence is endogenous to Xanthobacter agilis.
 5. The DNA compound of claim 3 wherein said signal peptide-encoding nucleotide sequence is SEQ ID NO:8.
 6. The DNA compound of claim 1 that further comprises a transcriptional termination sequence adjacent to and downstream from said isolated nucleotide sequence.
 7. The DNA compound of claim 6 wherein said transcriptional termination sequence is SEQ ID NO:10.
 8. A DNA compound that comprises an isolated nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:4.
 9. The DNA compound of claim 8 wherein said isolated nucleotide sequence is SEQ ID NO:3.
 10. The DNA compound of claim 8 wherein said isolated nucleotide sequence is SEQ ID NO:5.
 11. The DNA compound of claim 8 wherein said isolated nucleotide sequence is SEQ ID NO:6.
 12. A recombinant DNA vector that comprises said isolated nucleotide sequence of claim
 1. 13. The recombinant DNA vector of claim 12 that further comprises a promotor and translational activating sequence positioned to drive expression of said isolated nucleotide sequence.
 14. The recombinant DNA vector of claim 13 wherein said promotor is endogenous to Xanthobacter agilis.
 15. The recombinant DNA vector of claim 13 wherein said promotor is SEQ ID NO:7.
 16. The recombinant DNA vector of claim 13 wherein said isolated nucleotide sequence is SEQ ID NO:1.
 17. The recombinant DNA vector of claim 13 wherein said isolated nucleotide sequence is SEQ ID NO:3.
 18. The recombinant DNA vector of claim 13 wherein said isolated nucleotide sequence is SEQ ID NO:5.
 19. The recombinant DNA vector of claim 13 wherein said isolated nucleotide sequence is SEQ ID NO:6.
 20. The recombinant DNA vector of claim 13 that is plasmid pZPA600.
 21. The recombinant DNA vector of claim 13 that is plasmid pZPA400.
 22. A bacterial host cell transformed with said DNA vector of claim
 13. 23. A bacterial host cell transformed with said DNA vector of claim
 16. 24. A bacterial host cell transformed with said DNA vector of claim
 17. 25. A bacterial host cell transformed with said DNA vector of claim
 18. 26. A bacterial host cell transformed with said DNA vector of claim
 19. 27. A bacterial host cell transformed with said DNA vector of claim
 20. 28. A bacterial host cell transformed with said DNA vector of claim
 21. 29. The bacterial host cell of claim 22 selected from the group consisting of Escherichia coli and Streptomyces lividans.
 30. The bacterial host cell of claim 29 that is Streptomyces lividans/pZPA600.
 31. The bacterial host cell of claim 29 that is Escherichia coli/pZPA400.
 32. A method for producing recombinant phthalyl amidase, said method comprising culturing a host cell of claim 22 under conditions suitable for gene expression, and recovering the expressed phthalyl amidase from the culture.
 33. A method for producing recombinant phthalyl amidase, said method comprising culturing a host cell of claim 23 under conditions suitable for gene expression, and recovering the expressed phthalyl amidase from the culture.
 34. A method for producing recombinant phthalyl amidase, said method comprising culturing a host cell of claim 24 under conditions suitable for gene expression, and recovering the expressed phthalyl amidase from the culture.
 35. A method for producing recombinant phthalyl amidase, said method comprising culturing a host cell of claim 25 under conditions suitable for gene expression, and recovering the expressed phthalyl amidase from the culture.
 36. A method for producing recombinant phthalyl amidase, said method comprising culturing a host cell of claim 26 under conditions suitable for gene expression, and recovering the expressed phthalyl amidase from the culture.
 37. A method for producing recombinant phthalyl amidase, said method comprising culturing a host cell of claim 27 under conditions suitable for gene expression, and recovering the expressed phthalyl amidase from the culture.
 38. A method for producing recombinant phthalyl amidase, said method comprising culturing a host cell of claim 28 under conditions suitable for gene expression, and recovering the expressed phthalyl amidase from the culture.
 39. A method for producing recombinant phthalyl amidase, said method comprising culturing a host cell of claim 29 under conditions suitable for gene expression, and recovering the expressed phthalyl amidase from the culture.
 40. A method for producing recombinant phthalyl amidase, said method comprising culturing a host cell of claim 30 under conditions suitable for gene expression, and recovering the expressed phthalyl amidase from the culture.
 41. A method for producing recombinant phthalyl amidase, said method comprising culturing a host cell of claim 31 under conditions suitable for gene expression, and recovering the expressed phthalyl amidase from the culture.
 42. The DNA compound of claim 1 wherein said isolated nucleotide sequence is SEQ ID NO:11. 